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Kidney chronic pyelonephritis ascending urinary tract infections pyelonephritis, has reached the pelvis of the kidney or pyelum. It is a form of nephritis with pyelitis. Severe cases of pyelonephritis, there is a possibility that (collection of pus around the kidney) pyonephrosis (systemic inflammatory response to infection) urinary tract sepsis, renal failure, cause even death. Back to the costovertebral angle on the side affected, to tenderness and nausea, urination with radiant heat, rapid heart beat, pain, pyelonephritis, exhibit abdominal pain. Pyelonephritis can be accompanied by rapid breathing, low blood pressure, severe shaking, such as delirium, sometimes signs of septic shock by proceeding urinary tract sepsis. to antibiotic therapy, surgery and ureteroscopy, as percutaneous renal nefrostomiya percutaneously or sometimes, to prevent its recurrence, pyelonephritis and require treatment of the root cause of any. Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous, is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis, (removal of kidney) renal is necessary for final processing in general here.

Most cases of “community-acquired” pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms into the urinary tract. Biological general is enterococci and Escherichia coli (70-80%). Enterococci and Escherichia coli, as well as caused by bacteria, nosocomial infection (for example, various types of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) that allows other organisms, rare in society. Most cases of pyelonephritis, start lower urinary tract, prostatitis and cystitis in particular. It is possible to be able to mature E. coli biofilm to form intracellular bacterial communities to (the IBC), and to penetrate the surface umbrella cells of the bladder. If there is resistance to the response of the immune system and antibiotics, biofilms of these producing E. coli, provides the instructions, such as pyelonephritis, the potential for recurrent urinary tract infection. Risk is increased in the following situations:.

If the kidney stone is suspected, kidney, ureter, bladder, and the impermeable radiation (eg, based on the presence or absence of an imbalance of blood or urine pain characteristics colic) X-ray (KUB film) it is possible to help to identify the stone. With the exception of the stone very unusual consisting of drug residues of certain urine, diagnostic modality of choice in the X-ray evaluation of nephrolithiasis.All stones 5 mm section noncontrast spiral CT suspected and, if possible, detected by CT scan is possible. In patients with recurrent rise urinary tract infections, it may be necessary to exclude polycystic kidney disease or reflux vezikoureteralen of anatomical abnormality. The test used in this setting, ultrasound examination of voiding cystourethrography and kidney are included. The abdominal ultrasonography and CT, are useful in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, to obtain the serial image to distinguish the status of kidney cancer may be useful.

Are line antibiotic susceptibility tests and suspected urine culture and nephritis in a patient, and is adjusted based on the pathogenic bacterium primary care. In most cases of nephritis due to bacterial infection, which is the mainstay of antibiotic therapy. Depends on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and type of soiling of the body and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides, alone or selection of antibiotics, can include combinations.

Is a low prevalence of resistant bacteria in patients who do not require hospitalization, oral fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin, is an appropriate choice for the initial treatment. In areas where there is a high fluoroquinolone resistance rate, that continuation of treatment with oral fluoroquinolones, starting treatment, such as an aminoglycoside or a single intravenous dose, long-acting antibiotic ceftriaxone then is useful it, and. If it uropathogen susceptible are known, Oral trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole is a suitable choice for treatment. When using the trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole when the sensitivity is not known, it is possible to start processing the aminoglycoside, or a single intravenous dose of long-acting antibiotic ceftriaxone is useful . The oral β-lactam antibiotics, efficiency is lower than other means that can be used for the treatment of pyelonephritis.

Usually, has been admitted to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics and intravenous hydration people with acute pyelonephritis accompanied by fever and leukocytosis. Treatment begins carbapenem and cephalosporin intravenous fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, or spectrum penicillin, broad in general. Often, a combination therapy of antibiotics, have been used in such a situation. The treatment regimen was selected based on the sensitivity of the profile (s) a particular pathogen and local resistance data.

In the course of antibiotic treatment, I have closely monitored the serial number of the temperature and white blood cells. Patient, until 24 to 48 hours afebrile least, continue the intravenous antibiotics typically then antibiotics equivalent, may be all the period administration of the treatment two weeks. Ingestion vacuum infusion, it is possible dead loss (by raising the temperature), and is administered to compensate for the diuretic and optimization vasodilation. Percutaneous ureteral stent placement or Nefrostomiya may be given to relieve disorders caused by the stone. Children with acute pyelonephritis can be treated effectively short course of intravenous therapy (cefixime, amoxicillin / clavulanate and Ceftibuten) or oral antibiotics (2 to 4) followed by oral therapy. If intravenous treatment is selected, a single daily dose of aminoglycosides is safe and effective. Treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, including surgery and antibiotics. Is effective for some people with the disease (partial nephrectomy) has been established polarity resection but nephrectomy is a surgical treatment of the best in most cases. Observation with serial imaging, may be appropriate in unusual circumstances.

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Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency, in many cases, it has been required removal by laparoscopic or laparotomy plus or inflamed. May lead to circulatory shock inflammation and intestinal infections and (peritoneal) primarily to the risk of rupture leading to sepsis arbitrary known as peritonitis clinically untreated, mortality is high. Describes the appendicitis of acute and chronic in 1886 and is recognized as one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain of severe global Reginald Fitz first. It is correctly diagnosed appendicitis, non-acute form “is rumbling appendicitis” is known as. It is used for the condition term “false appendicitis” to describe the mimic appendicitis. It may be related to Yersinia enterocolitica.

The latter, it is described this pain, vomiting, fever, as a classic expression of acute appendicitis. Innervation of the appendix because it must enter into the spinal cord at the same level as (navel) navel, stomach pain, start higher. Then, in the appendix, is the swelling, stimulate the abdominal wall surrounding it, there is a tendency with the exception of children under the age of 3, localized within a few hours in the lower right quadrant. It can be achieved by a variety of signs, this pain can be severe. Sign, including local findings of right iliac well. Abdominal wall becomes very sensitive to gentle pressure (palpation). In addition, there is a severe pain of the sudden release of pressure (jump response) in the deep part of the belly. In the case of (located behind the cecum) retrocecal appendix, however, may sensitization (silent appendix) does not occur pressure deep even in the lower right quadrant, and why, in an expansion cecum by gas , pressure is that prevent the addition of inflammation. Ni Doyo if the application is fully deployed in the pelvis, the complete cure without the abdomen, usually not. Cause rectal bladder bag with pain If you notice any of the rectal examination. (The point of McBurney) point tenderness in this area occurs, To localize the appendix this is inflamed, cough, is a method of painful at least. The palpation of the abdomen, if unintentionally it is (rigid) guard, there should be a strong suspicion of emergent surgical intervention peritonitis is required.

Based on experimental evidence, it appears that acute appendicitis, and the final result of occlusion of first (inner side of the tubular structure) the addition of the lumen. [7] then [8], a failure occurs, it causes obstruction and thrombosis of the stagnation of the flow of lymphatic and small vessel addition is followed, increasing the pressure in the wall and lumen of the annex, and fluid I was kept swelling. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery can not occur at this time. As the former run, post-ischemic, application is made to necrosis. The bacteria begin to leak wall, through the pus form appendix (suppuration) within and dying around. That sepsis, lead to death eventually (up to “burst supplement”) appendix destruction, causing peritonitis The end result of this cascade. Foreign body, trauma, tapeworm, and lymphadenitis, known as fecaliths or appendicoliths, most commonly, the agent including deposits of feces calcified

Because appearance prevent the attention of fecaliths of their presence in appendicitis patients, significantly higher in developed also in developing countries, appendix shit stone is associated with appendicitis and complex in general. In addition, as evidenced by fewer bowel movements per week significantly in acute appendicitis patients compared to healthy controls, may play a role arrest Innovation U feces. I suspect the occurrence of fecal pellet of appendix, to be due to the right side fecal retention reservoir in the long transit time and colon. Epidemiological data indicating that it was colon cancer and unknown very rare in the society adenomatous polyps and diverticulitis is exempt from appendicitis. Also, can occur with the precursor of colorectal cancer acute appendicitis, and colon has been shown. Several studies have provided evidence of a low fiber intake is involved in the pathogenesis of appendicitis. This is consistent with the fact that dietary fiber and the occurrence of correct feces tank would reduce the transit time.

Neutrophils and history (symptoms), is based on the physical examination, supported by an increase in white blood cells diagnosis. The story is divided into two categories of atypical and typical. There is abdominal pain that starts normally associated with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, in the region of the navel of several hours appendicitis in general. After that, he developed a tenderness, to (left lower abdomen where inversion hair loss or patient) in the lower right quadrant pain “settled”. Combination of pain, loss of appetite, fever, and leukocytosis is a classic. It lacks the typical progression and history atypical may include pain in the lower right quadrant as an initial symptom. History of atypical require image and computed tomography and / or ultrasound often.

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In addition, peptic ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer disease, so acidic in general, is the most common areas of ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract is very painful. It is defined so that it can be exacerbated or caused by drugs aspirin, such as 0.5 cm ulcers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other ibuprofen erosions or equal to mucosa.
Peptic ulcer of many, the first part of the small intestine to the stomach itself as occurs four times in the duodenum, and, following the stomach immediately. About 4% of the ulcer since caused by malignant tumors, biopsy plurality are needed to exclude cancer. Ulcer, benign in general.

The history of the use of a particular form of drug heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease and (GERD), you may occur due to suspected peptic ulcer. Includes inhibition of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) glucocorticoids (eg, dexamethasone and prednisolone) and cyclooxygenase the most drugs that are associated with peptic ulcer.
Two weeks or more, in patients with 45 or more people you have the above symptoms, the odds of peptic ulcers, high enough to justify the investigation rapid esophageal stomach.

The timing of the symptoms associated with feeding, there is a distinction between duodenal ulcer and stomach. Gastric ulcer would give epigastric pain during a meal of gastric acid production to increase food enters the stomach. By symptoms of duodenum is released from semolina, such as pyloric sphincter like the first, the acid, it does not reach the duodenum Close the focus of the contents of the stomach. When the stomach began to release the acid digestion and food into the duodenum, after 2-3 hours meal, pain of duodenal ulcer occurs mainly. It is also possible symptoms of peptic ulcer is varied depending on the age of the patient and the location of the ulcer. However, there is a tendency for ulcers typically is processed is repeated, there can occur a few days or weeks pain obtained is decreased or disappeared thereafter. Unless complications occur, children and the elderly do not develop symptoms usually.

Duration or baked in the abdomen during 30 minutes, 3 hours, gnawing sense that involves the ulcer in general. This pain hunger, it can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn. Usually, pain caused by ulcers, but can be affected by gastric acid when in contact with the ulcer area it. There will be worse may can feel the navel sternum nowhere pain due to peptic ulcer, it takes minutes to hours, the stomach is empty. Further, it is possible pain becomes active at night sometimes, often can be alleviated by by eating the foods buffer gastric acid or temporarily adopt an anti-acid drugs. However, symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, may be different for each patient.

It is a chronic inflammation (~ 60% 90% of duodenal ulcers and in the stomach) major factors due to Helicobacter pylori, it colonized the antral mucosa. Despite not be able to clear the infection, [8] the immune system, the generation of antibodies. Thus, the resulting defects in the regulation of the production of gastrin in this part of the gastric secretion of gastrin, comprising (type B gastritis) chronic active gastritis, or has, as in most cases, bacteria increases, may result in hypo-achlorhydria, I will be reduced or even. Gastrin stimulates the production of stomach acid by the parietal cells. In order to increase the gastrin H. pylori colonization responses acid increased, may mucosa for, which contributes to a reduction in ulcer formation. The study ulcer various Third World countries, despite the high price pylori colonization N. display nutritional factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Another important reason is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Be protected from gastric acid by a layer of mucus secretion is stimulated gastric mucosa, by prostaglandin specific. NSAID blocks the function which is essential for the production of prostaglandins these cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Inhibit importance in the gastric mucosa is reduced which is on a priority basis (such as withdrawn rofecoxib or celecoxib), halve the risk of NSAID-related gastric ulcer abbreviation, the COX-2 COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory agents.

The incidence of duodenal ulcers decreased significantly over the past 30 years, the incidence of gastric ulcer showed a slight increase caused by the spread of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mainly. I considered regardless of the decrease in frequency, progress of treatment of this disease, and is a group occurs. Cohort phenomenon, H. pylori reduces the incidence of infection H. perhaps, be explained by the improvement in living standards.

In some studies, and found a correlation between ulceration and smoke, but the search risks are more specific, unless it is associated with infection with H. pylori, others by itself Smoking has been found that it may not be a lot of risk factors. Some of the risk factors that have been proposed as a spice consumption and diet, it is assumed to (help the cause ulcers) ulcerogens up to the end of the 20th century, but the development of peptic ulcer is less important relatively shown are. Further, coffee and caffeine believed ulcers may occur generally worsen, can affect the ulcer significantly not known. Increasing the risks associated with H. pylori infection has been shown that the consumption of alcohol, but does not appear to independently increase the risk, similar study is a case coupled with H. pylori infection also, modest increase factor is related to the main risk.

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It is the formation cavity containing waste or necrosis resulting from microbial infection and necrosis lung abscess, of lung tissue (2cm or more). Cavity filled with pus this is caused can occur between the consciousness that has been modified often by suction,. Alcoholism is the most common conditions predisposing lung abscess. It it is called to complicate the example of another process, lung abscess is considered primary and secondary if it is a result of lung parenchyma existing processes. You must tear the lung abscess vascular embolism, or the lungs. Can be an acute disease, often are Staphylococcus aureus, onset patients are Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia or necrosis gradually. Cough and night sweats and chills, fever is often present. You can increase the productivity (and a case of third ie hemoptysis) and blood and less stink purulent phlegm cough. The affected individuals, may complain other characteristics of chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, chronic disease. The patient, usually a weak presentation. Finger club is present in one-third of patients. In children and alcoholism in particular, tooth decay is common. The examination of the chest, and you will dull localized to percussion, with the characteristics of integration bronchial breath sounds, such as such as

(High ESR, CRP) elevated inflammatory markers are common but not specific. Sputum reveals a mixed flora that lung infection is important that all here in many cases. It is possible (via a bronchoscope) culturing the tracheal bronchial aspirates. Optical bronchoscopy is useful to bronchial drainage of pus in many cases, also, is done to rule out obstructive lesion. These regions as being dependent on gravity, abscesses in the supine position, is often one-sided, and a rear segment of the outer segments of the lower sheet and the topsheet. The presence of air fluid level, meaning that tear in noble gas form or organism growth bronchial tree. Broad-spectrum antibiotic that covers the mixing plant is the mainstay of treatment. Postural drainage and pulmonary physical therapy is also important. Surgery is required for patients of choice for lung resection or drainage. It is rare these days, spread of infection to other segments of the bacteremia of metastatic lung infection, bronchiectasis, empyema, and brain abscess such is included.

Affect the bubbles fine Lord known as alveoli, pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs. Normally, bacteria and other microorganisms or viruses such as autoimmune disease, in rare cases, this is caused by infection by other conditions or certain drugs. Typical symptoms, there are cough, chest pain, fever, difficulty in breathing. Diagnostic medicine, includes sputum culture and X-ray. Vaccine for the prevention of certain types of pneumonia are available. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bacterial pneumonia putative can be treated with antibiotics. If pneumonia is a severe, usually, people hospitalized. Globally, affects about 450 million people person-years, 7% of the population, pneumonia in countries of the third world mainly, about 4 million people will lead to death. “As captain of the people of death”, pneumonia, was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century, the emergence of vaccine and antibiotic therapy of the 20th century, saw the improvement in survival. However, in developing countries, among the elderly, very young, chronic disease, pneumonia remains of one of the cause of death.

Infection by bacteria and viruses are the main cause, pneumonia, parasitic and fungal rare. There are more than 100 strains of an infectious agent that is responsible in most cases only a few. Is likely to occur in 15% of infections in adults and 45% of infections in children up as, mixed infection with viruses and bacteria. Pathogens were carefully examined, but can not be separated into about half of the cases. The term pneumonia is widely applicable to any condition that results in (such as caused by chemical reactions autoimmune disease or burns) inflammation sometimes the lungs, but the inflammation called pneumonia more accurately. Infectious agent is based on the announcement of assumptions in their Historically, it was divided into “atypical” and “typical”, but the evidence does not support this distinction, therefore, it is highlighted no longer. Conditions and risk factors predisposing to pneumonia, include smoking, immunodeficiency, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease and is chronic kidney disease. E.g. proton pump inhibitors and the use of acid suppression drugs such as H2 blockers is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Predisposition to pneumonia old age.

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It is an acute inflammation of the bronchial wall (please not to be confused with lobar pneumonia) bronchial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia and bronchial pneumonia. This is a kind of pneumonia characterization effects on the lungs portion of one or more isolated, the foci of acute connecting a plurality. It is one of the two types of bacterial pneumonia classified Integration (coagulation), the total anatomical distribution of the large leaves pneumonia other.

Pneumonia, there is less likely lobar pneumococcus than are associated. In particular organism such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus such, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli, I was bronchial pneumonia related to nosocomial pneumonia. Lead to inflammatory immune response, in bacterial pneumonia, and bacterial invasion from the lung parenchyma. This reaction leads to the filling of the alveolar sacs and exudate. Loss of exchange with the fluid and air space, is called consolidation. In pneumonia or lobular pneumonia, affect the lobes of one or more lesions of multiple, isolated acute consolidated. The leaflets and lung, these two types of pneumonia is the anatomical categories classical, but in bacterial pneumonia clinical species, that the model used as the overlap is generally difficult. In many cases, bronchopneumonia (lobular) leads to the progress of the rover pneumonia infection. The same body, the patient may lead to the type of pneumonia in patients with another. From the viewpoint of clinical very important, show an accurate assessment of the extent of the disease and its causes to distinguish anatomical subtype of pneumonia.

Multiple foci of consolidation are located in the base sheet both sides, often of human lung. These lesions, 2-4 cm in diameter, gray, yellow, dry, often, it is limited a little with a focus on the bronchioles, the children, tend to merge in particular. Focus of inflammation condensation, acute bronchiolitis will focus on the bronchioles using the (- purulent exudate in the lumen and parietal inflammation – pus). Alveolar lumen is filled with neutrophils (“white blood cell alveolitis”) in peribronchiolar. Massive congestion is present. Inflammatory lesions, separated by aeration real normal.

You must be aware of the diagnosis in the development inpatient and fever respiratory symptoms. Signs of respiratory failure investigation has been newly developed, the purulent secretion, increases when you find infiltrated the chest X-ray, the probability of leukocytosis. It was sent to the microbiology department for culture if there is a suspicion of pneumonia material from tracheal aspirate or sputum. It is done to explore the pleural if thoracentesis pleural effusion. (BAL) suggest that some of the risk for a known clinical diagnosis bronchoscopy for ventilator-associated pneumonia is suspected. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a sub-type of hospital-acquired pneumonia that occur to people in the mechanical ventilation of (HAP). The name that is not characterized by causing VAP shown, but rather, during hospitalization, the definition of VAP has been limited to patients undergoing artificial respiration. Is an index of the fan associated with pneumonia, positive cultures after intubation to diagnose as such. Mechanism or cause to be classified according to it, it is recommended that you give the culture before the start of mechanical ventilation in order to compare in general.

In addition to streptococcal pharyngitis (angina), Streptococcus, certain types of necrotizing fasciitis pink eye, meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, endocarditis, and erysipelas (“carnivore I am responsible for many cases of “bacterial infection). However, Streptococcus many species are pathogenic, mouth, skin, intestine, and is part of the parasite microbiome of the human upper respiratory tract. In addition, Streptococcus is a necessary component in the production of Emmental (“Swiss”) cheese. Species of streptococci, are classified according to their hemolytic property. α hemolytic species gives the color greenish to blood agar medium in it, causing the oxidation of iron in the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. Of complete destruction of red blood cells β hemolysis type. The blood agar medium, it looks like a large area clear of blood cells around the bacterial colonies. γ hemolytic species, does not cause hemolysis. The β-hemolytic streptococcus, characterized by serotype from the description Lancefield carbohydrate specific present in the bacterial cell wall. Have not been described (except for J and I) Lancefield Group 20 serotypes known to V. In the medical environment, green chain groups and Streptococcus pneumoniae, B and β-hemolytic streptococcus Lancefield group also (, “A streptococci”, the most important group, “B and is α-hemolytic streptococcus S. It is known as streptococci “).

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Disease of the breast, can be a disease of the reproductive system and integuement failure or classification. The majority of breast disease is a non-cancerous. Breast cancer awareness is the goal of the health of breast movement. Awareness of breast of inefficient formal structured breast self-examination is encouraging informal knowledge of the normal state of the female breast to promote very alternative. As a result, breast cancer tumor is an abnormal mass of breast tissue. Can be malignant can be fibroadenoma and benign, or can, in that case, breast tumors, called breast cancer. Both cases are presented as a lump in the breast often. About 7 percent of breast lumps are fibroadenoma, 10% have a breast cancer, and the rest is a disease or benign disease other. Either, fibroepithelial tumor phyllodes there is benign or malignant tumors broderline.

Among women worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer. It is easy for self-examination of the breast (BSE) to find a possible breast cancer, but it is way less reliable. Factors that appear to be involved risk, the reduction of early diagnosis. Or recurrence of breast cancer, is a healthy diet and exercise to reduce breast cancer screening on a regular basis by health care professionals, regular mammograms, self examination of the breast, the excess fat. Breast disease or fibrocystic fibrocystic has occurred in at least 50% of women of childbearing age state of breast tissue, and 30-60% of women about. May occur sometimes discomfort, related to the influence of hormones of the menstrual cycle on a regular basis often, it is characterized by non-cancerous breast lump in the breast.

Condition is referred to as diffuse cystic mastopathy, it is or in ICD-10 whether certain epithelial proliferation, it is possible fibrosclerosis chest. Cystic mastitis chronic, Other brands of this condition, product names, including the mammary gland dysplasia and fibrocystic breast disease. Conditions also, I have named a few people (eponyms see below) and. Because it is a disease very common, other people, while you believe that it meets the criteria for the disease, the author of some, this should be referred to as a “disease” it I insist. This is not a (inflammation of the breast) classic form of mastitis. Changes in fibrocystic disease characterized by the presence of breast lumps and fibrous tissue, texture stone pavement. These works, is set to smooth edge, it is free to move with respect to adjacent structures in general. may be affected by variations in breast unevenness associated with this disorder sometimes. In most cases, lump is located in (closest to the armpit) upper part of the chest, the outer section. Women with fibrocystic changes, you can have breast tenderness that is associated with recurrent chest pain or swelling intermittent or continuous. There is itching or tender breasts and nipples. Symptoms after regular trend has been linked closely with the menstrual cycle. The symptoms tend to reach before peak to decline with each period. Peak, breasts may feel swollen and full. Complications associated with breast-feeding has not been found.

Cause of the condition is not completely understood, but generally the level of hormone are related to the state of post-menopausal thereof, that is associated with the menstrual cycle are known. During the menstrual cycle of women, fibrocystic changes in the breast, is a cumulative process that is caused in part by the hormonal changes of normal. The most important of these hormones is prolactin estrogen, and progesterone.
Cells grow and be multiplied, these hormones exert a direct effect on breast tissue. For example, hormones like many other growth factors TSH, insulin, growth hormone, such as, for example, to demonstrate the regulation of cell proliferation or increase of indirect influence and direct both of TGF-β. To create a region and / or cysts small fibrous tissue density or eventually years of these variations. Pain in the chest with the increase of multiple small cysts, in many cases, women are developed when it hits the 30s. Large cyst does not appear until after the age of 35 usually. Over time, it is driven by an abnormal growth of the signal probably, these lesions, causing accumulation of karyotype changes genetic and epigenetic as changes in the expression of loss of heterozygosity and hormone receptor such I could. It is possible to distinguish several variations of the breast fibrocystic changes, they may have a genetic predispostions and for various reasons. Other lesions whereas seem to stem mainly from ductal epithelial origin, gonadal requires the density and abnormal number of lobular unit.

Fibrocystic disease is diagnosed based on physical examination main symptoms, and clinical breast examination. This examination, the doctor will check in hand-eye of both, for any abnormal areas in the chest. Similarly, I have examined the lymph nodes at the bottom axillary area, the door. History complete and accurate will also help to diagnose this condition. Even in the absence of findings of physical examination and medical history, if you are in accordance with the changes in the normal breast, the test will be considered further, but patients with other, asked to return in a few weeks for re-evaluation are. You can not just women, to detect a lump in the breast self-examination. It is possible to determine whether the lump cyst, imaging is performed several. Usually, mammography, was detected in the examination of the test image the first order on the basis of the change in abnormal chest is. It provides a clearer picture of the specific area of ​​the breast, diagnostic mammography is formed in series of X-rays. Suspicious findings at all there is no examination of, but mammography, recommended for women over 30 years of age.

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Or simply thyroid anatomy of the spinal cord, thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland in the neck, it is under the (is “Adam’s apple” or laryngeal prominence) thyroid cartilage. To create a protein that controls how quickly the body will use the energy, thyroid gland, which controls the sensitivity of the body to other hormones. Sometimes (T4) it – by producing thyroid hormone that can tetraiodo, the main thing that thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine, has participated in these processes. These hormones regulate the function of the body system and many other growth rate. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and iodine. The thyroid gland, I generate a calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis. The output from the thyroid hormone is regulated thyroid stimulating hormone obtained from the anterior pituitary to be regulated thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus then by (TRH), by (TSH),.

This is the organ in the form of a butterfly, the thyroid gland, are configured at the cone-like two wings and leaves, leaf Dexter (right leaf) ominous leaf (left lobe), in the isthmus. Reached behind the carotid sheath and esophagus, the body is located front side of the door, around the trachea and larynx and the other side. In (under the “Adam’s apple” or laryngeal prominence just) Oblique line of thyroid cartilage, starting from the head side, which extends down to about 5-6 tracheal ring. During the act of swallowing, it varies with respect to the position, that define the upper and lower bounds of the thyroid levels of vertebrae is difficult.

Thin fibrous sheath comprising an outer layer and an inner, thyroid, is covered by the capsule thyroid gland. The outer layer is continuous with the posteriorolaterally consecutive priority pretracheal fascia and carotid sheath. The priority and infrahyoid muscles, glands, is covered in sternocleidomastoid and known as sternomastoid muscle to a horizontal direction. Backside of the gland, cricopharyngeal muscle and tracheal cartilage and cricoid by thickening of the fascia in order to ensure Berry.The thyroid trachea is the main reason for moving with swallowing, to form a rear suspension ligaments Company They are fixed to. To varying degrees, extended pyramid pyramid Lalouette, thyroid lobes are arranged in front of the robe. In this region, the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve passes to tuberculosis and ligaments and next.
Between two layers of capsules, on the back side of the sheet, two on each side of the parathyroid gland, but it is.

It is possible to change the size or shape, size and presence is variable, thyroid isthmus is able to extend extend the residual (rgosezziz cone or leaf cone) head side pyramid leaves, thyroglossal duct . Weighing 2-3 g 18-60 g and newborn to adult, is one of the largest endocrine glands, thyroid gland increases during pregnancy. Thyroid branches directly from the subclavian artery, from the branches of low thyroid thyroid branch carotid superior thyroid artery, and the external carotid artery, arterial blood comes by thyroid artery IMA sometimes. Drainage to really bad thyroid venous drainage through the thyroideus odd divided into left brachiocephalic vein, the internal jugular vein, venous blood is discharged by way of the thyroid vein. Cervical lymph node deep side frequently and lymphatic drainage passes the pre-parathracheal lymph nodes. Gland is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the laryngeal nerve parasympathetic input on.

[Clarification needed] to the fetus, 3-4 weeks pregnancy, thyroid, like the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the tongue of tuberculosis copula and ODD at a later point in time than the opening cecum specified displays the growth of epithelium. The thyroid gland down in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct then. Over the next few weeks, passing in front of the hyoid bone, it migrated to the base of the neck. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow channel thyroglossal duct.

(TSH) began to separate from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the fetus 18-20 weeks of gestation thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TRH), the production of thyroxine levels clinically significant (T4) in the 18-20 week I reach. Remains low 30 weeks (less than 15 ng of / dL) pregnancy fetal triiodothyronine is (T3), the term was increased to 50 ng / DL. Self-sufficiency rate of fetal thyroid hormone, to protect the fetus against for example. Developmental abnormalities of the brain caused by maternal hypothyroidism. However, premature birth can be insufficient after delivery, subject to nerve damage due to lack of thyroid hormone in the maternal thyroid its own cause that has been developed to meet their needs. Some thyroid comprising serving cell parafollicular C was prepared from the neural crest production of calcitonin. I have seen this is the ultimobranchial body, applied to the primitive thyroid during descent to the final position in front of the neck first. You can aberration in embryological development can lead to various forms of thyroid dysgenesis

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In mammals, it is endocrine gland, which is located on top of the kidneys adrenal glands (also known as adrenal glands) in humans, but the shape of the right adrenal gland was a triangle, left adrenal gland is a half-moon shape. Through the synthesis of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and (adrenaline) epinephrine such, in response to stress, is responsible mainly for the release of hormones and corticosteroids, such as cortisol such they. I produce androgen in cortical layer on the inside of you also, endocrine glands of these. Adrenal, affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, the recent data, the adrenal, adrenal cortex cells, suggesting that shown in neuroendocrine characteristics under physiological conditions and pathological, this nerve endocrine differentiation appears to be limited to the cells of the zona, the regulation of adrenal function may be important for secretion.

Located quadrilaterial shape excellent retroperitoneum kidney, adrenal glands, are arranged on both sides. The total weight of the adrenal gland are surrounded by the renal fascia and fat capsule in 7-10 grams.They adult range. Each adrenal gland has two structures of production either, the brain and the inner adrenal medulla outside the hormone. Cortex to produce cortisol, aldosterone and androgens mainly, the brain generates a norepinephrine and epinephrine mainly. Unlike the direct control of the brain cortex, renin and hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland under the control of neuroendocrine hypothalamus – is regulated by the angiotensin system.

Adrenal cortex is devoted to the production of androgen hormones and corticosteroids. Skin cells specific produce, and certain hormones, including androgens aldosterone and cortisol, and androstenedione. Under normal conditions, adrenal unload, human produce the equivalent of 35-40 mg per day cortisone acetate. Adrenal cortex is composed of a layer or three zones. The anatomical band may be understood in microscopic level that can each zone is identified based on anatomical characteristics and structural and distinguish from one another. Not only the adrenal cortex, showing a zonation functional: based on the specific enzymes that are present within each zone, the zone will produce and secrete another hormone.

By (known as CYP11B2 also) aldosterone, enzyme aldosterone system, the outermost layer of the spherical zone, is a major center for the production of mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is responsible mainly for the stabilization of long-term blood pressure. Distal tubule, it aldosterone effect in the collecting duct of the kidney, which causes an increase reabsorption of increased release of both (from the collection intercalated cells channel) hydrogen ion and potassium and sodium (from basic cell). Sodium retention in response to the distal colon, and I stimulate the sweat glands of the aldosterone receptor. Calcium influx requires certain through sustainable production of aldosterone, a Ca2 channel low-voltage activation, but zona cells isolated were recorded too is hyperpolarization In order to enable the entry channel of Ca2 at a voltage of film, I will be considered as nonexcitable. However, to generate a membrane potential oscillations of low frequency spontaneous mouse zona cells in the adrenal gland slice, this natural electrical excitability of the zona glomerulosa cells, angiotensin II provides a platform for the production of Ca2 of repeatedly potassium and aldosterone production two major regulator channel signal can be controlled by the cell. Angiotensin II is derived from the converted plasma angiotensin I of angiotensinogen by renin production from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.

Expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa cells that have been reported by several authors human cortical tissue prediction, expression of protein neural cell adhesion molecule in glomerulosa cell of the reflection function of regenerative cells such as (NCAM) It will lose NCAM immunoreactivity after who suggest that has moved to the bundle-shaped zone. However, along with other data, NCAM expression may reflect the neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells neuroendocrine functions glomerulosa cell.

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In placental mammals, (also known as the umbilical cord or birth code) umbilical cord is a conductor between the development of the placenta and the fetus or embryo. During the development of prenatal, umbilical cord is a part of the fetal genetic and physiological, the (human), 1 vein that was buried in the jelly of Wharton 2 arteries and normal (umbilical artery) (umbilical vein It is included,). Umbilical vein to supply oxygen of the fetus, the nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. In contrast, the heart pump the fetal nutrient depletion the blood through the umbilical artery back deoxygenation, the placenta from this.

Umbilical cord has been developed and will be contained residues (derived from the fertilized egg and therefore) the allantoic and yolk sac. This is the fifth week of fetal development at the time of the yolk sac as a source of nutrients to the fetus. Direct cable is connected to the circulation system of the mother without causing direct mixing Instead, it is not bonding of the transfer placenta material between the maternal blood. The length of the cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus during pregnancy. Generally, about 2 cm long about 50 cm (20 in.), diameter umbilical full term newborn is (0.75 inches). This diameter decreases rapidly in the placenta. Embedded in abundant ground substance metachromatic.The stained smooth muscle cells in the layer outer layer consisting placed in rings in the inner layer and smooth muscle cells showing cells arranged loosely unevenness rather,: complete umbilical artery patent, poorly differentiated, only a small muscle filament is included rather having a layer of two main, it is unlikely to contribute actively in the process of closure after birth.

The umbilical cord contains the gelatinous substance made jelly of Wharton, most of the mucopolysaccharides. Vein that carries nutrients of oxygen-rich blood to the fetus is included, this is, artery carrying two obezkisloroden, the nutrient depletion blood away. Blood vessels are present in the umbilical cord (arteries and veins) Sometimes, only two. It is associated with abnormal Occasionally, fetal, but it can be achieved without the problems associated. This vein carrying oxygenated blood is a rare and (in the example of the only other, is a connecting artery pulmonary pulmonary veins to the heart) arteries carry blood obezkisloroden. However, umbilical vein, reflecting the fact that carry blood to the heart of the fetus while carrying blood umbilical artery is away this naming convention. ML / min, blood flow in the umbilical cord is 240 ml / min at 40 weeks gestation about 35 20 weeks. And to adapt to the weight of the fruit, this is 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks, 64 ml / min / kg to support the 40 weeks.

Umbilical cord of the fetus is (or navel) navel, directly into (after separation) belly of place. The fetus, it is divided into two umbilical vein extends next to the slit of the liver. One of these branches, merges with the (connected to the branch on the left) hepatic portal vein, which carries blood to the liver. (Known as venous) a second portion that bypasses the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava carrying blood to the heart. The branches of the internal iliac artery to complete the circuit back to the placenta, umbilical artery 2 passes on either side of the bladder to the code.

In the absence of external intervention, the code is swelling the contraction of smooth muscle, depending on the temperature decrease of vasoconstriction, describes the collapse of the blood vessels and Wharton jelly, and hide physiologically shortly after birth. I means and is designed brackets to stop blood flow naturally, that. C in the air at 18 ° will be 3 minutes or less this tightening physiological. In the water supply when the water temperature is close to body temperature, pulse may be 5 minutes or longer, usually.

Closure of umbilical artery vasoconstriction is comprised of a plurality of the constriction and increased several times over time. There is a segment of the extension to trap blood nekoagulirala between constriction complete occlusion before. Both closure stenosis and the last part that was produced by muscle cells in the peripheral layer on mainly. It is believed that in contrast, after moving in the axial direction with ease, inner layer, and serve mainly as a tissue plastic can be folded to reduce the cavity to complete the closure. It appears to be mediated primarily by thromboxane A2 and hydroxytryptamine – vasoconstriction occlusion, 5. Oxytocin is more sensitive been one of long-term contracts and from artery of rope of premature infants to arachidonic acid and angiotensin II. Unlike the contribution of Wharton jelly, cooling causes a temporary vasoconstriction.
The child, venous and umbilical vein is close, degenerate fibrous remnants known as the round ligament of venosum ligament and liver, respectively. The remaining sections of the (modified to what is known as an intermediate link navel) part of each umbilical artery closes, it is retained as part of the circulatory system.