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Nutrition through the blood of the mother, waste removal, placenta is the organ that is associated with the development of the fetus to the uterine wall in order and to allow for gas exchange. , But also is a feature crucial for “mammalian placenta” or eutherian, placenta “true” has been found in lizards and snakes some with varying level of development to the level of the mammal. However, homology of structure, such as embryonic various organisms is questionable at best, in invertebrates such as arthropods such, best.The similar multiple, placenta is a classic no doubt, but the form placenta, has a wide currency at the moment and probably is common in modern English. In the language of the previous Rome tribal culture, to reflect the life mystery honored to be inherent in the birth process to bear fruit in the form of a child of cultural values ​​often, placenta and “small” Mom “Grandma” or is called.

The mammalian Prototherial and (amateur) metatherial of (marsupial), while it is connected to the uterine wall, providing nutrients cocoon derived primarily produce placenta choriovitelline. Placental function as maternal fetal body that forms the placenta development mother (basal decidua) from uterine tissue of fetal and maternal, with placenta of fetal development (Shigeo chorion), the two components in the same blastocyst.

In humans, thickness from 2 to 2.5 cm of (0.8 to 1 in.) length and 22 cm placenta usually the center (9 inches), a thick, edge is thin. It usually weighs about 500 grams (1 lb). It has the colors of purple and dark red blue. It contains one umbilical vein and umbilical artery of two, and then connect to the fetus from the umbilical cord about 55-60 cm length (22-24 inches) it. (I have an eccentric attachment) to the umbilical cord insertion chorionic plate. Further separation to form a network that is coated on the surface vessels of the placenta branch, by a thin layer of cells. This results in the formation of villous tree structure. On the side of the mother, villous tree structure of these are grouped into lobules called cotyledons. In humans, the placenta is a disc-shaped common, but it varies greatly in mammalian species between different dimensions.

You can start developing blastocyst during implantation in the human endometrium in the placenta. Outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast which forms the outer layer of the placenta. Syncytial the coating blastocyst and core layers: the outer layer is divided into layers of two additional. Are multinucleated cells a continuous layer covering the surface of the placental syncytiotrophoblast cells. This is a result of the ongoing process for synthesis of basal cell blastocyst differentiation and, in the development of the placenta. (Known as syncytia or otherwise) in the syncytiotrophoblast, and contribute to the barrier function of the placenta thereby. Placenta is increased through the pregnancy. Development of the blood supply of the mother, has completed by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy to placenta.

In preparation for implantation of the blastocyst, I receive a “decidualisation” endometrium. They become too complicated, its diameter is as though they were increased, spiral arteries in decidua has been remodeled. I act to increase the blood flow to the maternal placenta because straight flow with increased diameter. It can be a relatively high pressure, gas exchange maternal blood satisfies the villi space through the spiral arteries thereof is made, take a fetal chorionic blood. I in direct contact with the fetal chorion that other hemochorial human placenta and the maternal blood, the fluid is not replaced. Pressure, and pulse obezkisloroden between reduction of blood back through the veins of the endometrium.

IgG antibodies can be used to provide protection to the fetus in utero thereby pass through the human placenta. Begin as early as the 24th week of pregnancy 20th week, this transfer of antibody, of course. Look at the baby of the first few months of life of important ectopic as this, provides a toddler with a copy of the humoral immune long-term mother, this passive immunity, lasted several months after birth. The IgM antibody, however, infection of some acquired during pregnancy can not cross the placenta can be dangerous is the reason why the fetus. In addition, placental function as a selective maternal fetal transmission of the barrier to microorganisms. However, the failure of function, can cause the mother-to-child transmission of infectious diseases of mother still.

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As part of the female reproductive system of vertebrates, ovarian reproductive organs is a egg to produce is often found in pairs. Ovaries of female individuals, they are similar to the testis, in men is the endocrine glands and gonads. In white pearly (the country), ovary is located on the side wall of the pelvis in the region called the ovarian fossa. Typically, wells as being arranged in front of the internal iliac artery and ureter and below the external iliac artery. It is about 3 cm – 4 cm Size. In the fallopian tube, ovary but is not attached to the ovaries via the outer layer of the uterus, the connection. Typically, each ovary is the egg of the monthly release, but if there was a case one ovary was dysfunction or absence, other ovary would continue providing eggs to be released.

Ovaries have been removed testosterone estrogen, and progesterone. In women, it is produced in the adrenal glands and ovaries, fifty percent of testosterone were released directly into the bloodstream. For the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics of women in puberty, estrogen is responsible for the maintenance and maturation of the reproductive organs in the state functional of mature them. Progesterone prepares the uterus for breast feeding and pregnancy glanda. Progesterone with the function of estrogen by promoting changes in the menstrual cycle in the endometrium. In human ovaries, on both sides of the uterus are linked via an optical fiber cable ovaries called links, they are paired in the pelvic cavity. Was found in the abdominal cavity the ovary, but is associated with the wall of the body through the suspension ligament of ovary. It is known as the mesovarium to cover a wider range of uterus, ovaries the link. Therefore, to make (not to be confused with intraperitoneal) intraperitoneal organ by itself completely, is invaginated to peritonium, ovary is an organ of the human body only.

The ovaries are found including invertebrates, in the genitalia of female many animals that use sexual reproduction in some species. However, it is developed in a very different way in most vertebrates compared to vertebrates, they are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in the human ovary, I have common vertebrate, including the presence of follicle cells of all, and white film. However, amphibians and fish, and millions of people, the fertilized egg or several hundred present in the ovary at any given point in time because there may be many kinds, much of eggs during their lifetime than humans Get the big number. In these species, fresh eggs, can be the development of fetal epithelium throughout life. The cartilaginous fish some, in other species, remnants of follicles were absorbed from the ovaries rapidly corpus luteum, and found in mammals. In monotremes birds, reptiles and, relatively, filling of large follicles, and eggs is a curved shape of ovarian maturation.

Reptiles and amphibians not the ovary brain, central ovary is a space filled hollow, lymph fluid. It is often hollow ovarian fish, but in this case, eggs are shed into the cavity seen in the fallopian tube. Vertebrates normal most women, has two ovaries, but this is not the case at all. The platypus and most birds, right ovary to be functioning only left, never to mature. (The exception, both ovaries are left, are not part and kiwi,. Including all the birds of prey) in the plate gills kind of some, right ovary only has fully developed. Some bony fish that have been formed by the merger of a pair organ in embryonic and jawless fish primitive, only in ovary,.

Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue which is referred to as being threatened by the reproductive potential cancer treatment in breast cancer and hematological malignancies or, for example, is interested in women cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is want to keep the reproductive function of their beyond the natural limits often ,. The procedure, until they can proceed, is to take part of the ovary before you stored in liquid nitrogen and freeze continue gradually. Where it is possible to take place, it begins to produce new eggs were thawed, the concept of normal transplanted near or different (where natural) mammary gland or eggs, (abdominal wall) organizations I can. I concluded that that collection of ovarian tissue is safe study of 60 procedures are displayed. In order to prevent graft rejection in ovarian tissue, it can be recovered later tissue when follicles that can be transplanted immunodeficient mice (SCID mice), mature developed.

As women age, they lead to menopause, a decrease in reproductive performance occurs. This decrease was associated with a decrease in the number of follicles. There, about 500 (about 0.05%) of ovulation, is present at birth in human ovarian, eggs about 1 million will be lost the rest. Decline of ovarian reserve, which appears to occur with increasing the speed and results and age to an almost complete depletion of about 52 years continuously. The birth rate decreased ovarian reserve age, there is a parallel increase in the error of meiosis and pregnancy failure in the concept of chromosomal abnormalities.

Effect is repaired much these women that suggest that to generate DNA damage in oocytes spontaneously undergo menopause prematurely, women with inherited mutations of the DNA repair gene BRCA1 is early inefficient which I have to lead the reproductive failure in. BRCA1 protein, plays an important role in the type of DNA repair called homologous recombination repair is a cellular process only known to be able to repair DNA double-strand breaks accurately. And Titus. The double-strand break DNA, which accumulate with age in humans and rats in the primary follicles was shown. The Primodial follicle, egg some intermediate body of meiosis (the previous period I) phase is included. It is a general process in eukaryotes formed from germ cells by cleavage propagation of the double-stranded DNA, meiosis is an adaptive potential for removing DNA damage in particular. (Please refer to the function and origin of meiosis and meiosis). Homologous recombination repair, promoted during meiosis in particular. And Titus. In addition, expression of the major four genes required for homologous recombination repair of double-strand break DNA (ATM and BRCA1, MRE11, RAD51,) is, that it decreases with increasing age of oocytes of mouse and human . They hypothesized that a decrease in efficiency of repair that plays an important role in the aging of the ovary with age repair of DNA double-strand breaks is essential to maintain the gold egg.

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Cone consisting of a bell (also brass) straight, with fine bronze tube mouthpiece bone, ball, and fallopian tubes, which describes the spherical body in a variety of shapes and sizes of existing descriptions. Bell type Any can have a unique effect on the noise radiation by the device. The instrument is depicted in classical vase plurality with the ERA, such as using the same phorbeia to those used in aulos player age. Rome is of such tubes, fallopian tube is shorter than the tube Roman about 1.5 meters long. In rare cases of fallopian tube, held museum, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, is a unique in that it is made of 13 pieces of bone by connecting it using the socket and (bronze bushing with) Bolt, long and in the place of bronze tube other not. It is a progress of the total oviduct expected tube egg to become the arrest above around 0.8 long 1.57 m – 1.20 m long.

Tube is a civilization of very early, is it, that the design of straight trumpet found where long, when, in the fallopian tube to origin identification is difficult. Reference to the fallopian tube is common in literature and art of Greece. You can be found in the Iliad of Homer, however, this old-fashioned reference is unique, the frequent reference, early description of the sound of the fallopian tube is not found in the classical period. Fallopian tube is associated with a version of Egypt most closely, but such tools, can be found in Egypt Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. The derivative of Etruscan Tyrrhenoi of exonym, a reference to the fallopian tube in classical literature, includes mention of the instrument to be used by the Greeks as alluding to the Etruscans often.

Tool of bronze is important among Etruscan, people were high popularity Greeks for contribution Musical them. Fallopian tube is supported by the Greeks in this way as the invention of Etruscan, you can A variety of explanations are found among the author Sophocles Aeschylus, and Pollux,. It provides a small degree some of the uncertainty, Etruscan people, scattered references to the fallopian tube in contact before the Greek and Etruscan, and oviduct, fallopian tube type of a tool described by countless Eustathius of Thessalonia It is that instrument could be introduced to the Greeks in any way by is high is whether coming directly from an intermediate source or several, from Greek Etruscan.

When seen in art and literature of Greece, fallopian tube is depicted as being played by normal soldier. The writer of the fifth century, “piercing sound” of his battle, a tool that is used for the call in droves signaling and the chariot racing early often associated with often. The explanation is confirmed in writing to Aristotle to de Audibilibus, to have been used as salpinges, this is, to Aristide Quintilianus music “and games such as musical instruments,,. Not that make music in the summoning of … war” in, can help you understand the need for (players fallopian tube) salpingtis and fallopian tube in the battle in his paper. All commands of the army, he tells you that it is done with th “song” of the fallopian tube and a particular tone. This action, the military get it once, call the oviduct of these are specific to the group, was able to provide a level of secrecy to be an unknown enemy.

However, that despite the explosion of unique fallopian tube is high-pitched, to overcome collision of metal, screams of wounded, the growl of aggression from the ranks of the soldiers would be difficult. Therefore, in order to encourage people to prepare for combat mainly, fallopian tube has sounded the charge and use before the fight. However, Andrew Barker, describes the possible exceptions of the practical use of the reference to Aristotle wrote fallopian tube. “It will give the sound, everyone is friendly as possible. Is easing because of the tension of breath to play the fallopian tube at the time of … joy” as well as use in the celebration, found the war oviduct This it is here that might. It is supported by Nikos Xanthoulis in his article, here. “The oviduct of ancient Greece”, this idea in order to smooth the sound Komos participants “… draw particular attention to the statement of Aristotle he “To create indicate that you want to use the street festival and dance Komos, and music, the tools to out of the army, more comfortable sound, and” relax. tension breath to fallopian tube to voltage tight ” I will need. Function more universal another tubal, is to use it as a means to unite in order to silence the collection rowdy crowd over. This is useful to set the region in places like large gathering as a tool for while dealing with people in general, both to calm the soldiers.

In order to simulate the sound ancient musical instrument digital sound / tone reconstruction applications (ASTRA) fallopian tube, will be re-created from the project by using the physical modeling synthesis sound of fallopian tube. Due to the complexity of this process, ASTRA project is using grid computing to hundreds of computer modeling of the sound of Europe. ASTRA, including epigonion of the sound aulos,,, is re-created by Syrinx and barbiton, along with the ancient musical instruments of other fallopian tube is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra.

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Under the uterus, which is joined to the upper end of the vagina (cervix Latin word that means “neck of the uterus” is,) is a small part it cervix. It is the end of the cylindrical or conical from the top of the anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half of its length, is displayed with an appropriate medical device, to lie above another vagina after inspection. Neck has an opening to move the inside, to allow menstrual fluid and sperm. Portion projecting into the vagina is ectocervix and portio vagina. As a whole, the ectocervix, is 2.5 cm wide and 3 cm. Has an elliptical surface convex, which is divided on the lips of the front and back.

Opening are called external OS is ectocervix. The size and shape of the ectocervix and the outer axle to change significantly age, hormonal status, or women whether had a vaginal delivery. External OS for women with vaginal birth looks like a small round hole. It appears bulky in women there was a vaginal delivery of ectocervix, wider, OS external, will be displayed with the gaping slit more. Epithelium of the cervix is ​​changing. It is composed of squamous epithelium layer nonkeratinized (more distant from the vagina) in the ectocervix. It is composed of a columnar epithelium simple (more proximal, within the uterus) in the cervix.

Border of the ectocervix and the cervix, also known as the squamocolumnar junction or transformation zone. Transformation zone undergoes metaplasia many times during the life of normal. When exposed to a harsh acidic environment of the vagina, exocervix undergoes metaplasia to squamous epithelium suitable for vaginal environment. Similarly, when the ectocervix enters the uterus, it is tough area to receive metaplasia to become columnar epithelium.

Is a water-cervical mucus, and 90%. Depending on the moisture content changes during the menstrual cycle of mucus acts as a transmission medium or barrier of sperm. (Calcium, sodium, potassium), for example, cervical mucus, which contains an organic compound as glucose, amino acids, and soluble protein electrolyte.

The cervical mucus, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, selenium, and trace elements, including the level of change in response to changes in the cyclic hormone in different stages of the menstrual cycle is included. different enzymes have been identified in human cervical mucus. Glycerol is a natural component of human cervical mucus. The study, the amount of glycerol 頸流 uterine body has been shown to increase during sexual excitement. It is estimated to be responsible for the lubricating properties of the fertile cervical mucus, increased glycerol, may be biologically important during the early stages of reproductive events.

After the menstrual period is completed, OS external thick, is cut off by the acidic mucus. After you enter the uterus, sperm mucus block “infertility” this. Within a few days, the ovulation time, production is “fertile” mucus species, they Yu high content of acidic electrolyte and less moisture content high. The electrolyte These cause a pattern of “fern” seen in drying fluid at low magnification fluid such as drying, as fern leaf, salt, crystallizes.

The several methods of fertility awareness, such as Billings and law Clayton model, to evaluate the period of female infertility and infertility treatment by observing the changes in your body contains. There are involved in a number of quality of cervical mucus, in these changes, vulva, its elasticity (spinnbarkeit) causes the transparency, the presence or absence of a fern-like crystals formed his senses. In order to prevent the kind of fertile mucus because it is produced, and a method of hormonal contraception work, their effectiveness is increased by preventing ovulation, mainly almost. Meanwhile, a method for thinning of mucus, can help you achieve pregnancy. It is that the method takes guaifenesin in a few days before ovulation, but one, was suggested. During pregnancy, it is possible to prevent infection during the infertility part of the menstrual cycle, the situation was somewhat similar, the cervix has been blocked by antibacterial mucosal plug specific. Or expand the cervix during childbirth, just before outside mucus plug.

After receiving the influence of estrogen directly with menstruation, we set the texture change the position of the cervix. The majority of the menstrual cycle, remains solid, as low as the tip of the nose, has closed the cervix. But ovulation approaches, it increases with neck, mouth, closer, softer, and estrogen presence in ovulation, the high level, female open. These changes will support the production of fertile types of cervical mucus, and movement of sperm survival together. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of almost all cases of cervical cancer. HPV vaccine, can reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of cervical cancer when administered prior to sexual activity. Potential changes in cervical cancer is scraped from the surface of the cervix epithelial cells can be detected by a Pap smear was examined under a microscope. With proper treatment, it is possible to prevent cervical cancer such knowledge. Cry had a Pap test, or that anyone had within the past 10 years most women who develop cervical cancer.

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Seminal vesicle small seminal vesicles (or gland vesiculosae) is a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the bladder of male mammals. They are located in the pelvis. The seminal vesicles, devote a large part of the fluid to be semen in the end. In lipofuscin granule secretion of epithelial cells dead, I get the color that the yellowish. It is not excluded in the fraction of the first zinc-rich prostate% of human semen derived from about 50-70 seminal vesicles is, and ejaculation, is dominated by the sperm. Once in the prostate, excretion tube of each seminal gland to open it in the appropriate vas deferens it. As a result of human sperm with a pH of weak alkalinity, semen is alkaline.

Alkalinity of semen helps to extend the life of the sperm, and to neutralize the acidity of the vaginal canal. I will be able to connect to the ejaculatory duct obstruction (pH <7.2) ejaculation acid solution. It generates a substance that causes the semen to become after ejaculation gelatinous / sticky, which is considered to be useful in maintaining close of sperm into the uterus to cells. Thick mucus seminal vesicles contain proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, ascorbic acid, flavin, a prostaglandin and phosphorylcholine. High concentration of fructose, which provides sperm of sustained energy during storage of sperm in the laboratory. It does not have to be likely to have contact with the semen vesicles screaming sperm in the vagina, but as the first step of their journey, they are transferred directly from the mucus of prostatic fluid through the female reproductive system. Liquid has been expelled the sympathetic contraction of the muscle layer.

Research in in vitro, that the sperm off pigs and fish eggs showed survival and motility poor and has been shown, it is protected low sperm chromatin. Therefore, the exact physiological significance of semen blisters unknown. If you want to form a low offset sperm plug the possibility of semen of men after arrival go to egg the last part of the semen, to guess as is the development of this recreation, yet, found in rodents some be

Covered with epithelium involved in the absorption and excretion (mucosa only mucosa or lining) or mucous membranes, it is lining, and endoderm origin mainly. They line the cavity is exposed to the external environment and internal organs. These are some places in contact with the skin: anal nose, mouth, lips, eyelids, ears, and genital area. The viscous secreted by glands called slime and mucous membranes, thick fluid. Term mucous membrane refers to where you are present in the fluid they were lining separation and body.

Clitoris hooded glans clitoris glans penis (penis head), is a mucous membrane and the inside of the foreskin. Is from the lining of the urethra. Preventing pathogens mucus trap body that is secreted, further act of the disease. It consists of longitudinal muscle layer of the inner and outer circular muscle layer in the layer outside. To prevent food from backward, longitudinal layer will reduce the tube of circular muscle layer. Rather than a layer of circular and longitudinal muscle true, layer, is stranded in a variety of fields. The inner circle is a spiral and outer longitudinal spiral and rugged terrain shallow pitch much.

Coordinated contraction of these layers, are called peristalsis move food through the digestive tract. Food in the gastrointestinal tract is referred to as (ball of food) bolus of the mouth into the stomach. After the stomach, was partially digested food, it is called chyme and viscosity. Colon semi-solid remaining is called feces.

It is Auerbach’s plexus or myenteric between two layers of muscle. This control peristalsis. Activity is initiated by pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal). Movement will have a (basic rate) intrinsic activity due to self-intestinal system. Rate, of course, can be modulated by other parts of the autonomic nervous system. Thickness of the muscle in the outdoors, differ in any part of the digestive tract. It requires a lot of power to feces is large, heavy, and press together, in the colon, for example, external muscles much thicker. The tapered vertical strips unrelated three outer longitudinal layer of the large intestine is known as (band of colon) plural form of F. taenia. This is one of the characteristics of three to help to distinguish between large and small intestine.

Weight loss segment of colon (2-3 times daily) You have to move all the way to the feces occasionally. If a person bowel movement remains, which is usually. Pyloric sphincter: pylorus of the stomach, is a thickening of the inner peripheral layer. In the gastrointestinal tract alone, and has an outer third layer of the stomach muscle layer. It is a layer of internal, this will help tilt the drum to the chyme in the stomach.

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The Prostate is literally quite different among species anatomically, this is of most mammals It is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the reproductive system of male, himself has been renamed the female prostate by the Federal International Commission on official autopsy term between the Skene’s gland or physiological 2002 female urethra near gland, and chemical.

It is said to be slightly larger than a walnut healthy human prostate classic. In the range of 7-16 g generally, average weight of the prostate “normal” in the adult male is about 11 ounces. It can surrounds the urethra below the bladder, just feel rectal examination. This is the only exocrine organ located in the midline in humans and other animals. Secretory epithelium is mainly pseudostratified cells, including basal cell and column, high is supported between the quality of elastic fibers, including the smooth muscle bundle orientation at random. Epithelium is highly variable, areas of squamous epithelium or low-cubic is present also, in the transitional epithelium in remote areas of the long tube. In the prostate, the supply called merged with prostatic urethra and ejaculation duct two urethra from the bladder. Prostate leaves or area, it can be divided in two ways. It does not have a capsule, but integral fibromuscular band surrounds it. These are coated with more pelvic floor muscles, ejaculation process.

Function of the prostate is to separate, slightly alkaline fluid that make up the 50 to 75% of the volume of semen in the liquid of the seminal vesicles and sperm normal, the appearance of white or milk. Semen, I made basic with total emissions from the contribution of other glands, including the seminal vesicle fluid of at least. The alkalinity of semen and helps to neutralize extend the life of the sperm, the acidity of the vaginal canal. Alkalinization of semen is achieved by secretion of seminal vesicles mainly. With the majority of sperm, prostatic fluid is discharged through the first ejaculation fraction. That compared to the sperm of a few that is discharged along with the semen blister fluid mainly, was expelled in prostatic fluid is, have a better protection of genetic material better mobility, and prolonged survival. The prostate contains the smooth muscle of some help expel semen during ejaculation.

Prostatic urethra is developing pelvic urogenital sinus of (endoderm origin) from (central) part. Endoderm outgrowths arise from prostatic urethra, growth in the surrounding mesenchyme. Glandular epithelium of the prostate, characterized by mesenchymal that is associated with the endoderm cells are characterized by smooth muscle and dense connective tissue in the prostate. Is a modification of the wall of the proximal part of the male urethra, prostate, derived from nine weeks of life of the embryo in the development of the reproductive system. Without mesenchyme, to fuse with the urethra, I condense the Wolf bile lead to adult prostate constitution body components closely glands and glands of some.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect the (estimated by some experts with 3%) the main cause of death in older men and older men in developed countries. However, “still, the potential benefits of the test, does not prove that exceed the harm of testing and treatment research” and, “They that person without learning the position of the American Cancer Society on the early detection I do not know about the benefits and potential risks of testing and treatment we believe that it should not be tested and know. (your prostate to 65 years before the brother and father of your race or black so that you can determine whether this is the right choice for you, for a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the test, talk test your doctor, and started 45 years) from 50 years old in the case you get a cancer. “If check is made, they may be in the form used to confirm the presence of (EN2) protein Engrailed-2 urinary measurement of prostate specific antigen physical rectal examination, the blood or (PSA), .

Richard Morgan and co-workers Hardev Pandha, announced his findings in the inspection of EN2 in 1 issue March 2011 urine of the journal Clinical Cancer Research. The clinical examination, to identify the current EN2 urine, home test kit was performed similar to home pregnancy test strip. According to Morgan, EN2 test is not yet available “We, and are preparing a large-scale study of some in the United States and the United Kingdom, but shows interest some companies to take it forward . “

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In human anatomy, generate smooth muscle, ureter is a tube made of urine from the kidney to the bladder. In adults, long (10-12) 25-30 cm usually, ureter 3-4 millimeters – diameter. The histological, further smooth muscle layer of support peristalsis third and remote transitional epithelium is included in the ureter. In humans, before you descend to the bladder in front of the psoas major muscle, ureter, coming out of the renal pelvis inner side of each kidney. Ureter, across the edge of the pelvis near the junction (they are passing priority) and the iliac artery. This is a common place for the congestion (the rest of the ureter bladder transitional valve meets the pelvouteric junction and bladder meet the ureter renal pelvis, the renal hilum to ureter) of kidney stones.

Run to the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters, the junction of the ureter and bladder, ureter executes the side wall of posteroinferiorly pelvic curve anteriormedially then to enter the bladder in the back,. Return of urine is prevented by valves known as the ureter bladder transitional valve. I receive the uterine artery and mesometrium through the bladder ureter in women. “Water under the (vas deferens or uterine artery) bridge (ureter) the phrase” effective to remember this anatomical relationship is. different channels play the same role in fish and amphibians, but the ureter was found in species of amniote all other. You can move from the kidney, and kidney stones, is introduced into the urethra, this has the potential to cut off the flow of urine, causing the lower abdomen severe cramps, or back side,. It is blocked you can develop a hydronephrosis of the kidneys, kidney affected, has become swollen due to the flow of urine.
Usually, hysterectomy is a surgical removal of the uterus performed by the gynecologist. (Called removal of the uterus body, and, “supracervical” also, leaving the cervix intact), hysterectomy (removal of the body, cervical and bottom, often referred to as “full”) general or it may be partially. This is the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of surgery most commonly performed. 90% is made under the condition of benign hysterectomy more than 600,000, were performed in the U.S. alone in 2003. These rates are the highest in developed countries has led to considerable controversy hysterectomy is unfair, that has been carried out mainly because of the unnecessary. If you become a can not (as in the removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes) patients bear a child, is not available treatment options other you have the long-term effects and risks of surgery, removal of the uterus, the surgery is typically recommended. In many cases, there is a better option, it is, that the incidence of hysterectomy is reduced for non-malignant indications are to be expected.

In many cases, (removal of the ovaries) ovariectomy, is achieved using a hysterectomy in order to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. However, recent studies that prophylactic oophorectomy without emergency medical instructions to reduce the long-term survival of women have severe side effects, substantially free of the other has been shown [4], this effect It is not intended to be limited to premenopausal women. However, women who have already entered have demonstrated that it reduced the long-term survival in ovariectomized after menopause.

Hysterectomy may be performed in various ways. Technology known the oldest, is the incision in the abdomen. Then, technology laparoscopic vaginal later (do a hysterectomy to vaginal canal) vagina (instrument inserted through a small opening near the navel often, additional) have been developed. This is done by (not to be confused abdominal incision, and laparoscopy) abdominal hysterectomy most in the United States. Usually, near the upper limit of the hair in the lower pelvis pubic individual like incisions made for cesarean but as possible, (Pfannenstiel) incision is carried through on the stomach wall side.

It enables greater access to doctor reproductive structures, this technology was carried out in order to remove the whole reproductive complex usually. Because of the need to cut through the abdominal wall by sometimes more, recovery time for a hysterectomy the open, is 4-6 weeks. Historically, the biggest problem with this approach was infections, infection rate, has become a major problem in modern medical practice of which is not well controlled. Open hysterectomy provides the most effective way for you to explore the abdominal cavity, to perform complex operations. Before analyzing the laparoscopic vaginal techniques vaginal and it also, in most cases, vaginal technique is the only possibility to achieve desired contrast subtotal hysterectomy.

With the development of laparoscopic technology of 1970-1980 period compared to the procedures of the abdomen, surgery and minimally invasive has gained great popularity among gynecologists “laparoscopic vaginal hysterectomy” is (LAVH) after recovery is much faster. In addition, it allows a slightly more complex operation and inspection good procedure of the vagina. LAVH is finished begin with laparoscopy, (with or without removal of the ovaries) as is done through the vaginal canal removal of the ultimate of the uterus. Thus, LAVH a total hysterectomy, you may need to be removed in the uterus neck. “Laparoscopic hysterectomy with the supracervical” (Rush) of the cervix using a divider that can affect the uterus into small pieces that can be removed from the abdominal cavity through the post-laparoscopic port without having to remove and has been developed for the removal of the uterus.

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Kidney is an organ that acts as an important regulatory some invertebrates including some in vertebrates most. They are essential in the urinary system, maintain the regulation of the electrolyte such that the acid-base equilibrium plays a homeostatic functions (such as vias to maintain the water balance and salt) regulation of blood pressure. Providing a body as a natural filter of the blood, they removes waste that is diverted to the bladder. The flow of urine, were separated, the waste, such as ammonia and urea, they also kidney is responsible for the reabsorption of amino acid water, and glucose. The kidney is, I produce the hormone, including enzyme renin calcitriol, and erythropoietin,. The discharged renal vein that receives blood from the renal arteries located in the back of the abdominal cavity to the retroperitoneal, kidney paired, paired. The pairing structure in the sky urine, the bladder itself to each kidney ureter.

While renal physiology is a medical professional relationship, kidney, is the study of renal function in kidney disease. Kidney is different, but often, people with kidney disease shows clinical characteristic symptoms. Clinical common symptoms, including kidney, including nephrotic syndrome and nephritis, renal cysts, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infection, kidney stones, urinary tract obstruction. Various types of kidney cancer exists, kidney cancer most adult is renal cell carcinoma. It can be controlled by removing renal disease other tumors, cysts and, a nephrectomy or kidney. Measuring renal function may be always a bad case, dialysis, choice of kidney transplantation therapy by glomerular filtration rate as a. They are very harmful, kidney stones, can be annoying and painful. Then, removal of kidney stones involves sonication to divide the rock into smaller portions that pass through the urinary tract. Common symptoms of kidney stones one is acute pain in the inside next segment of the waist.

In humans, in particular channel lie peritoneum and paraspinal, I was placed into the abdominal cavity is located at a position kidney was slightly tilted angle. 2, there is one on either side of the backbone. Usually, the asymmetry is slightly lower than the left in the abdominal cavity caused by the liver leads to the right kidney, left kidney is disposed slightly inside the right. T12 spinal cord, the left kidney is about slightly lower-right level to L3. Just in the right kidney at the bottom of the rear and rear to the left liver and diaphragm, the diaphragm under the spleen. This is the adrenal gland is placed on top of each kidney. Part upper part of the kidney (the skull) are protected by 12 ribs and 11 partially, adrenal gland and kidney of the whole, is surrounded by (fat pararenal and adrenal glands) layer of fat in two, renal fascia each have. 155 g and between 115 men and between 125, each adult kidney weighs 170 grams in women. Left kidney is slightly larger than the right kidney is typically.

It has the structure of kidney bean shape, and having each kidney uneven surface. Concave, renal hilum is the point at which renal artery enters the renal vein or organ, left ureter. Fibrous tissue severe kidney itself is surrounded by fat adrenal perirenal fat, renal fascia and (of Gerota), are surrounded by the renal capsule. Between forward muscle horizontal stripes are the boundary line of the rear (rear) and (front) border of these tissues is the peritoneum. Edge is adjacent to the liver and spleen to the left kidney on the right kidney. Therefore, I will move down the intake of both.

In the renal cortex on the surface, is a deep brain kidney: kidney or real, material is divided into major two structures. Obviously, such a structure, each contained around the renal cortex of the brain called the (Malpighian) renal pyramids may be in the form of renal sheet cone 8 to 18. There are projections of cortex called (of Bertin) renal pyramids between renal column. Functional structure of the medulla and renal cortex cover nephron, and urine production. Pass tubule, initial filtering of the nephron is the renal corpuscle position, and cerebral cortex followed from medulla pyramid deep cortex. Some of the renal cortex, medulla rays, is a collection of the renal tubular drain to collect channel.

To empty the urine into a small cup, teat or tip, of each pyramid, minor calyx of the sky to the major calyces empty renal pelvis, is in major renal calyx and ureter. Renal artery while entering, is in the gate, renal vein and ureter, end the kidney. Is a lymphoid tissue and lymph node hilar fat about the structure of these. Is located next to the cavity filled with fat, called renal sinus fat is hilar. Calices and renal pelvis are included together renal sinus, I have separated these structures from renal medullary tissue.

The kidneys receive blood from the renal artery, the left and right from the abdominal aorta branches directly. In spite of the relatively small size of their kidneys receive approximately 20% of cardiac output. Branch of the renal artery, which penetrate the renal capsule leading to areas artery is divided further into interlobar arteries extend through the columns of the kidney during the pyramid kidney. Interlobar arteries after the blood flow to the arterial arch that passes through the boundary of the medulla and cortex. Each arc-shaped artery is supplying interlobular artery and some of its feed supply afferent arterioles the glomerulus. Interstitial space is functional in the kidneys filter the individual is rich in blood vessels (glomeruli). interstitum to absorb the liquid, which was recovered from the urine. In various conditions, may lead to the failure or renal insufficiency and scarring, which can lead to congestion in this area. Take place in order to move through a small network of veins filtration of blood was collected in between leaf veins after. to return to the leaf between veins come to form the end renal vein the kidney for transfusion as well as the arterial veins follow the same pattern of interlobular, to provide blood to the arcuate veins then.

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The (meaning straight intestine from Latin rectum) rectum, in mammals, are linear and the last part of the colon in the gut of the other. Long about 12 centimeters (4.7 inches), (S-shaped end of the colon) rectum S-shaped junction, rectum of human begins at the level of the sacral promontory, sacral, by using the definition of third. Its diameter is the same as the S-shaped colon at the start, it has expanded to its end, to form the rectal ampoule. Depending on the definition that is used again, it ends at the level of the dentate line (or at the level of the puborectalis sling) anal ring. In humans, the anal canal is followed in front of the digestive tract rectum ends with anal verge.

The rectal intestinal act as a site for storing temporarily feces. It is placed in the rectum wall to stimulate the urge to have a bowel movement As the expansion for the material, so as to extend from receptors in the nervous system, rectal wall is full of inside. If it is not that desire to take action on the material in the rectum, in many cases, water is absorbed from the feces, to return to the large intestine. Constipation for a long time, defecation, if you delay the curing shit result. When the rectum is met, it is possible that the feces to increase the pressure to enter the groove, to force the rectal wall of the anal canal each other. Rectum force the anal canal is short as material, has been driving the feces from the rectum peristaltic wave. Sphincter of internal and external can be passed by muscles pulling the stool anus feces exit.

It is possible for the diagnosis of a particular disease, to perform a rectal examination. Suppositories may be used as a method of administering a drug, is inserted into the rectum. Endoscopes and colonoscopy S-shaped colonoscopy procedure is carried out for the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. Insert rectal irritation fingers, was used to induce motion in a patient is sufficient to completely empty the peristaltic reflex rectal own rectum. Manual evacuation in the long-term management of neurogenic bowel seen most often in people who are using a gloved finger to evacuate the feces from the rectum, with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury and acute constipation It is used mainly.

(From the anus of the Latin word meaning is from, that proto Indian means “ring” “ring, anus” a) open the other end of the digestive tract of the mouth of the animal anus. Its function is, by desirably produced semi-solid, and controls the release of feces during digestion, and may contain, depending on the species: Inability to digest animal such as bone and nutrients to all food substances are extracted, for example, cellulose, lignin, it remains in the digestive tract, killed, or absorption problems that the toxic symbiotic otherwise intestine and more.

I use a mating and oviposition and (known as the cloaca) hole for separating the same solid waste and liquid amphibians, reptiles, and birds. I have a cloaca, which is considered Monotremates mammals also inherited functionality from amnion of therapsids via oldest. For separating solid and liquid, and marsupials, has an opening in the vagina particular for female reproductive. There is a hole that defecation, urination, completely independent for playback placental mammals women, channel flowing to the orifice has been almost completely separated, but the bowel movements of both the play and urination, men, another I have an opening.

Development of the anus was an important stage in the evolution of multicellular animals. It is likely that you followed a different path in the old and new mouth mouth animal, it would happen at least twice. Metamerism expertise is repeated later as head of the arthropod body of most bilateral body plan, and the body cavity, such as configured in fusion is built “module”,,, professionally: this is, promote or segment with the trend of significant evolution of the other.

In animals, the Haraguchi to deepen to become the first growth stage gastrulation, intestinal least, on the one hand, such as a complex, such as a worm embryos to form a recess. The new animal mouth, bowel tunnel option to be the anus for the opening of another in the mouth the initial dent. Because it was thought to be formed in the opening from the other end of the bowel later the anus and (“first” proto means) High hollow opening their first, it is called as the old mouth animal was. However, recent studies have shown that closed leaving an opening at their ends in the anus or mouth, an end portion of the center pilot opening old animals.

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The application is a blind tube type that is connected to the cecum since been developed embryology. It is pouchlike structure cecum, the colon. Annex is located near the junction of the small and large intestines. Term “appendix” means “form of worms” and comes from the Latin. It has evolved independently marsupial diprotodont, in monotremes, and also widely present in Euarchontoglires, size and shape is very diverse it. The length of the human appendix is ​​AVG 11 cm, but may be in the range of 2-20 cm. The diameter of the application is a 7 ~ 8mm typically. I was measured 26 cm from the patient Zagreb, Croatia further deletion up until now. Application is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen close to the bone of the right hip joint. Position in his abdomen, which corresponds to a point on the surface, which is known as (see below) McBurney point. Core applications are cm ileocecal valve 2 following a fixed location relative to, the position of the tip of the application peritoneal (behind the cecum) cecal Yes (74%), may vary to be in the pelvis is out.

Description had been missing for lack of importance and unique shape of the appendix as determined by the long side does not exist, it is gut-associated, called the immune system surrounding the intestine and other places administrative The lymphoid tissue, has been accepted that you perform many important functions, but the effect of appendicitis after. Flash disease, bacteria of those Duke University, which was proposed by William Parker, Randy Bollinger, in 2007, from the rest of the bowel, which functions as a haven for bacteria application from colleagues. Immune system, including its architecture, in combination with the popular features of many applications, only this proposal, the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria the position of the flow below the normal one-way bacteria and food of the large intestine association with copious amounts of immune system and is based on a new understanding of how to promote. In a study conducted at the University Hospital Winthrop, possibility that individuals that have not been added have a recurrence of four times C. difficile showed high. However, other studies, infection among people who have added those which do not indicate that there is a large proportion of C. difficile.

Possible scenario for the transition to the appendix of the human from the current function cecum completely around by Charles Darwin. Be used for administration to digest leaves as primates was suggested him. It may be evidence of ancient human anything has deteriorated almost in the course of evolution. As long cecum herbivores like some found in the koala and horse like this, it seems to confirm this theory. Cecum of the koala, will be able to host the bacteria to help it to decompose the cellulose specifically. The ancestors of the human race, you may want to rely on this system when I was living in green diet is rich in them. As people have started eating the food digestion easier, you may want to become less dependent on plant cellulose content of energy is high they. As was the need much to digest cecum, mutation as survived, mutation (interfere with the progress and evolution) is harmful before it does not matter. It that these alleles become more frequent, cecum has been shrinking was suggested. The cecum and the need, in millions of years later, this to degrade the applications of today.

The most common disorder of the application, I have a (appendix carcinoid) carcinoid tumor and appendicitis (of people). About 1 200, application cancer is a malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal all. In rare cases, I also present adenoma. Is a state (epityphlitis) or appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix. In response to the development of the embryo midgut pain and appendix of often, it starts in the center of the abdomen. Usually, dull, this pain is visceral pain that is poorly localized. Because inflammation progresses, pain will start localization more clearly inflammation and peritoneal quadrant, lower right. Peritonitis and inflammation of the peritoneum, leading to (pain upon removal of pressure than the application of pressure rather) recovery response. In particular, it presents a third of the way along a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine McBurney point, the navel. In general, pain points (skin) is not only displayed on the parietal peritoneum and is inflamed. Immune system and fever is typical of appendicitis.

Appendicitis will require removal by laparoscopic or abdominal inflammation or addition. If untreated, the application potential rupture shot followed and left untreated, death still lead to peritonitis. Surgical removal of the appendix applications are called appendectomy or appendix. If the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis, usually, this removal is performed as an emergency treatment. When the surgical facility does not exist, intravenous antibiotics are used to prevent or delay the onset of sepsis. More often, inflammatory mass formation around the appendix, appendicitis resolves completely in some cases. This is relatively contraindicated for surgery.

Recently, to deepen the understanding of gut immunity, refers to the ability of apparent mammalian cecum use, such as a safe-house for the plant protection on infection of gastrointestinal in society symbiotic gut, no modern medicine, cognitive biology I merged with and medical basis. Potentially, this feature is a selection force for the development and maintenance of applications. Be described in mammals based on the shape of the cecum mainly can be three-form type of cecum application: (as of primate species many) cecum, the upper part of the vast cecum, appendix as an appendix to the long , and application (dunes of Cape Moruratto and large wing rabbit in the absence of a clear cecum) and (wombat as) it is an important branch of larvae or round. Further, the elongated addition, or found mammals (like monotremes) is shown in or lacks the cecum, such structures are important between structures, such as applications and cecum (like Koala) junction Na is missing. The appendix cecum, it developed independently at least twice and is another example of the convergence in the form of placentals between marsupials Australia in the rest of the world is displayed. Application, but also have been lost by host species obviously being maintained for at least one strain 80000000 or more years.