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Jejunum is the part of the middle of the small intestine in higher vertebrates most, including mammals, reptiles, birds. In fish, it is not so clear, may be used instead of jejunal environment and middle intestines intestinal condition split of the small intestine. Ileum duodenum between the jejunum. Change from the duodenum to the jejunum so (see stomach) “closed” camera tri-link tool, which is usually defined as a bending Duodenojejunal, it has been applied. In adults, the small intestine, in general, the jejunum is 5.5 ~ 6 m length of 2.5 m. PH of the small intestine is between (weakly alkaline or neutral) 7-9. If the jejunum was initiated by the impact dull reflection vomiting. It is suspended by mesentery which gives great mobility abdominal intestinal ileum and jejunum. It also includes a vertical and smooth muscle helps to move food through a process called peristalsis.

Mucosa of the small intestine is specialized for absorption by the intestines of small food particles are digested by enzymes in the duodenum during previous. Stayed was absorbed once (excluding fat go lymphatic) nutrients enterohepatic circulation of intestine, blood is processed and enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

The irradiated surface of the ileum, the projections of the mucosa called villi increase the surface area of ​​tissue that can be used to absorb the nutrients from the food ingested, and is covered by the finger. These villi epithelial cell line with the villi. Transport of nutrients across the epithelial cells, contains passive transport of fructose and glucose, active transport of amino acids, small peptides, vitamins, and glucose through the ileum and jejunum. Jejunum villi is much longer than in the jejunum or duodenum.

Jejunum are included (in the ileum) or Peyer’s patches (duodenum) Brunner glands very few. However, it was suspended in veil, there is a jejunum lymph nodes some. I have a large circular folds very submucosal called circular folds increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients at the beginning of the small intestine. Annular folds have been developed at the beginning of the best small intestine.

Mesentery is responsible for the binding of (part of the small intestine) ileum and jejunum to the back wall of the abdomen points (ie, the first definition) peritoneal correctly. A blood vessel, nerve and lymphatic between two sheets of peritoneum. This can be part of these intestine to move relatively freely in abdominopelvic cavity. However, feeling for example because it is the center line pain, in general, the brain does not allow you to display their meaning accurately.

The root of the appropriate mesenteric extension (lower right) level to 15 cm bending duodenojejunal on the left side of the L2 at an angle to the ileocecal region at the level of the right sacroiliac joint well in the right iliac. Root of the mesentery crosses the right gonadal artery part of the second and third of the duodenum, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava right ureter, and right psoas major muscle.

The transverse colon mesentery, meso times the peritoneum that connects the transverse colon to the back wall of the abdomen, is wide. It, after separating the surround transverse colon, it is continuous with the two rear section of participation omental behind it, when to vent on the front of the front border of the pancreas, and they continue to return to spine. Fold this, it contains the blood vessels supplying the transverse colon between the layers. Transverse colon mesentery is derived from the dorsal mesentery in embryo.

Peristalsis is the relaxation and contraction of radial symmetry propagation muscle to down tube wave of muscle by the method of antegrade. In humans, it is a peristaltic contraction of smooth muscles to drive the contents through the digestive tract. This is because the wave of contraction of the circular muscle and leading vertical, there is a wave of relaxation of these muscles. Earthworms uses a similar mechanism to drive their movements. The surrounding, from “around” stallein derived from the Latin word to new “include”, which comes from the Greek word peristallein, it is the word. In order to obtain a peristaltic wave that causes (called a bolus chyme in the gastrointestinal tract in the stomach and esophagus) balls food digestive tract of a sequence length of the gastrointestinal tract most contracts smooth muscle . In order to follow the contraction of smooth muscle in the longitudinal direction for pressing forward digests behind initiated by contraction of smooth muscles of the circular to prevent the back of the mouth, peristalsis chewed material. Catastalsis process involves the muscles of the bowel.

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It is the first part of the small intestine in higher vertebrates most, including duodenum mammals, reptiles, birds. In fish, department of the small intestine, which can be used for duodenum and not in the vicinity of the colon and small intestine term forward is not clear. It may be a major site for absorption of duodenum, of iron in mammals. Ileum duodenum and jejunum, followed by a short portion of the small intestine where most chemical milling is performed. Is from the duodenum or the Latin duodenum extensor digitorum name “width 12 toes.” In humans, 25-38 cm which connects the stomach to the jejunum long (10-15 inches), duodenum, is about hollow tube joint. It begins with the duodenal bulb in the ligament of Treitz.

The duodenum, with the enzyme, is responsible mainly for the breakdown of food in the small intestine. Villi of the duodenum, was looking for a recognizable structure histologically appearance and rich green. Brunner glands found in the duodenum only mucus. It is composed of a very thin layer of cells that form the duodenal wall muscle layer mucosa. Duodenum is retroperitoneal almost completely. Is composed of three parts, it has a significance of its own each piece.

The duodenum, to adjust the rate of gastric emptying by the route of the hormone. The cholecystokinin and secretin, it is released from the epithelial cells of the duodenum in response to a stimulus in the fatty acid is present when it is released into the duodenum further decomposed gastric chyme and open pylorus. They cause liver and gallbladder to release the pancreas and bile to release digestive enzymes and bicarbonate salt such as lipase trypsin, amylase and duodenum as they are needed. The duodenum is divided into four parts for the purposes of illustration. The first three sections in the “C” curve line groove the head of the pancreas is located. (Covered by peritoneum) 2 cm only the first portion of the superior is removable – is 3 cm distal, is retroperitoneal first along with the rest of the duodenum.

Part of the second (descending order) of the duodenum begins bending duodenum excellent. Prior to the sharp turn inside the duodenum under bending, and passes down to the lower edge of the L3 vertebral body. Common bile duct and pancreatic duct, and enter the descending duodenum known together as (pancreatic duct or in the United States) hepatopancreatic duct for (known as ampoule of Vater) duodenal papilla most. Duodenal papilla minor, accessory pancreatic duct entrance to Santorini are also included, this part of the duodenum. Junction between the midgut and embryonic foregut is located under the main simply duodenal papilla. The duodenum, I have prepared the arterial blood from two different sources. The transition between sources of these, there is it to come out from the intestine intestine before.

Closest to (about major duodenal papilla that bile duct enters) second part of the duodenum – artery coat of its branches on pancreaticoduodenal artery and gastroduodenal artery. Of artery (middle intestine) so far artery membrane between the distal intestine is (SMA), the branch bottom duodenal artery, and supplies it to the section of the third and fourth. Since form anastomosis line (SMA and gastrointestinal artery respectively) SMA between pancreaticoduodenal artery and lower abdominal cavity and upper trunk, there is a possibility of collateral circulation here. Duodenal vein drainage follows the arteries. In the end, directly or indirectly, these veins are discharged into the portal system through the mesenteric vein and spleen.

Lymphatic vessels, please follow the artery in a retrograde fashion. Front lymphatic discharge position pancreatoduodenal lymph nodes along the pylorus (along the gastroduodenal artery) lymph node then high and low pancreatoduodenal artery. Rear lymphatics run in many of the mesenteric lymph nodes and pass the period of the pancreatic head. Efferent lymphatic from the duodenum lymph nodes, pass into the abdominal lymph nodes eventually.

In anatomy, gastroduodenal artery is a small blood vessels in the abdomen.
(Distal portion of the stomach), and provides blood directly to the proximal duodenum pylorus, (through the pancreatic duodenal artery many front and rear) head of the pancreas indirectly it. This is the most common hepatic artery from a common trunk of the abdominal cavity, but there are many variations of origin. It will lead to the first supraduodenal artery, the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is followed. When divided by (superior pancreaticoduodenal artery) anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and right gastroepiploic artery, it is, in the end branch. These branches form a functional anastomosis with the pancreatic duodenal artery lower front and rear from the superior mesenteric artery. Please note that exact branch vessel gastroduoenal artery is variable. Normally, you can not branch of front wide pancreaticoduodenal artery and back, come to common stem rarely independently in this order.

Head of the pancreas is part of the pancreas to be supplied to the curvature of the duodenum, I flatten the priority (conventional). Other parts of the pancreas is the body and tail. The boundary line of the right and left, and overlaps the front to match the excellent part of the horizontal portion overlapping beneath the duodenum, the upper limit, sneak in ascending order and descending part of the duodenum, respectively.

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The cardia of the anatomical term of adhesion stomach, in the esophagus. Starting from the distal to the Z-line of the gastroesophageal junction as squamous epithelium of the esophagus in order to give way to the columnar epithelium of the digestive tract immediately cardia. (GE) junction is ambiguous anatomically close to the cardia of the stomach, but it is proven physiological lower esophageal sphincter. Called the lower esophageal sphincter overlap cardia, no cardiac lower esophageal sphincter does not include area. Topic, but tried to consensus of the members of the current is in the cardia of the stomach before. Overlap with the cardia, but does not include (also called esophageal sphincter sphincter, stomach and esophageal sphincter [5] heart) is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), for example. In contrast and it is configured in the control striated muscles innervated by the body Accordingly, “upper esophagus sphincter” contained in the hypopharynx, and (extending from the base of the tongue zone cricoid cartilage). By being in the LES, Z lines, can be identified from the color of the Z-line of dark red from pink to change the LES. However, mirror localization endoscopic (Z line) was found to be 3 cm distal to the Z-line position of functional LES investigation and correlation internal pressure of LES.

And prioritization epitympanic middle ear cavity, the cone part of the temporal bone through the aditus to communicate (tympanic cavity mastoideum, cavity Valsalva) is back to the cells of the mastoid cavity in milk (milk input cavity) mastoid cavity the airspace. Air these spaces will provide the voice of resonance, functions as a sound receptor, functions as a sound diffusion, to provide protection from mechanical damage and reduce the weight of the skull. Mastoid air cell system, has contributed significantly to the inflammatory disease of the middle ear.

(Cavity, a small cul-de-sac) pyloric cavity is the first part of the pyloric region of the stomach. It lies at the bottom of the stomach near the pyloric sphincter to separate the stomach and duodenum. Exclusion from the rest of the stomach during digestion of about muscle Batch peristaltic contraction prepyloric fully or partially temporarily, this is the second of the pylorus stomach (pyloric passage) through the channel of some it You may from part, it is sometimes, it is defined.

Stomach produces strong acid and (hydrochloric acid) enzymes (such as pepsin) to help digestion. The digestion mixture are called gastric juice. Rather than the influence of the stomach itself, the inner lining of the stomach has several mechanisms to resist the lining of the esophagus. Normally, the esophagus are protected from these acids and the junction with the one-way valve mechanism stomach. The one-way valve, called (ES) esophageal sphincter, which is prevented gastric formed together from flowing back into the esophagus herein the angle of Cu. During peristalsis, ES bolus of food to be able to pass through the stomach. I will prevent to be returned mixture of digestive enzymes chyme, bolus, stomach acid and, through the esophagus it. It is assisted in its task of maintaining the material flow in one direction of the diaphragm to the ES. In ES, is the anatomy sphincter function but sphincter. Means that the thickening of the smooth muscle does not exist at all as pyloric sphincter such This is prevented travelleling back from gastric chyme the esophagus (usually). It helps to lower the CRU, to the diaphragm, the action of this sphincter.

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Muscle that functions as an important organ of the digestive tract, hollow, stomach is Bell digestive system in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, molluscs and insects. After mastication.The stomach is located between the esophagus, small intestine, it is included in the decomposition stage of the second. Before sending the food is partially digested in the small intestine, this protease to assist (sent to it via the esophageal peristalsis), digestion through (called segmentation) strain of smooth muscle The secretion of a strong acid and protein-digesting enzyme called.

(Dough-ball) enters the stomach through the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter bolus. Stomach and releases, the hydrochloric acid to provide the acidic pH of two for the protease to work, the inhibition or kill bacteria and (protein digesting enzymes such as pepsin, for example) protease. Engaging a food called peristaltic through the stomach wall to the muscle contraction – as a tablet, before the loop, to reduce the volume of the bottom around the body of the stomach and bottom chyme becomes (food is partially digested) You. Through the pyloric sphincter slowly, extraction of nutrients begins, chyme passes into the duodenum of the small intestine. Depending on the content and amount of food, 40 minutes, where chyme between several hours stomach will digest food. Stomach of the average person will be able to hold about 1 liter food easily. Gastric juice in the stomach also contains the prorennin and pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates a prodrug of these enzymes in the form of active renin and pepsin is (protease). Caesinogen milk protein (soluble) (insoluble) renin, break in the coagulation of milk casein in this way. Pepsin, degrade protein polypeptides.

The stomach is between the (first part of the small intestine) duodenum and esophagus. This is the left upper abdomen. Is the upper portion of the stomach of the diaphragm. Pancreas is located behind the stomach. Omentum hangs down from the greater curvature. Sphincter of two, to keep the contents of the stomach is included. Path of the stomach, esophagus sphincter separating them (as opposed to the discovery of a heart, anatomical sphincter) and isolation pyloric sphincter from the small intestine. Very network of blood vessels and nerves, and back, and low in front of (a plexus of sympathetic stomach to regulate both motor and secretory activity of the (motion) activity (inhibitor) parasympathetic and (stimulant) muscle are surrounded by muscle layers) and the abdominal cavity. In adults, stomach relaxed about 45-75 ml, I have a volume of air in the vicinity. Since this is an elastic body, usually expanded to accommodate about one food, it can be retained as 2-3 liters equally. Baby stomach of human newborn will be able to hold about 30ml.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in a viable cell proliferation and differentiation. As seen in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid, EGF Although a low molecular weight, which is purified from mouse submandibular gland first polypeptide thereafter. Saliva EGF seems regulations inorganic iodine nutrition also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of tissue integrity of the stomach and esophagus Oro. Suppression stomach and esophagus treatment of stomatitis, of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and biological effects of salivary EGF is, of intraluminal mucosal damage physical gastric acid, bile acid, pepsin, and trypsin, and chemical etc. includes protection from factors, antimicrobial agent.

It varies greatly among vertebrates of different sizes and exact shape of the stomach, but the relative position of the duodenum and openings esophagus remains relatively constant. Result of the body, in front of the answer pyloric sphincter a little, and curve bending back from the left always. However, stomach, esophagus opens directly into the intestine at all bony fish some lampreys, hagfishes, chimeric, and lungfishes,. These animals will consume a meal that requires no pre-digestion or food storage and little or gastric juice or both, all. Gastric mucosa is divided into front portion facing the rear usually, the two regions, and pyloric glands and fundic gland. Glands of the heart is unique to mammals, they are not present in many species thereafter. Unlike among species, the distribution of these glands do not correspond to the same region as people always. In addition, the front of the glandular stomach of the heart, non-human mammals, many lined with epithelium is essentially identical to that of the esophagus. In particular, ruminants have a complex stomach, three chambers of the first of its all covered with the lining of the esophagus. Crocodiles and birds, the stomach is divided into two areas. Priority is connected gland area, along with fundic gland of narrow tubular, the stomach of true culture. Factory of powerful muscle, along with pyloric gland is located beyond, digest food is useful in some species, including the stone animal consumes

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Consists of a tube of muscle that passes from the stomach to the throat of food (known esophagus, as esophagus), esophagus is the organ of vertebrates. Peristalsis of stomach via swallowing, while traveling by moving from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus food. Words that are lit is derived from the Greek word derived from Latin oisophagos esophagus esophagus. In humans the “entrance. to eat”, esophagus is continuous with the level of the larynx pharynx C6 vertebrae. Esophagus passes through mediastinal back to the chest, abdomen entering through the opening of the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic (T10). This is a 25 cm Normally, instability, recorded from 10 to 50cm, depending on the individual level. It is divided into the abdominal portion of the cervix, and breast. Because of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, it enters the esophagus open only to vomiting or when swallowing.

It is called the sphincter heart cardias sometimes or esophagus, but really it is not considered to be a valve, in fact, the junction between the (node ​​GE or gastroesophageal junction) stomach and esophagus, and more I’m similar to a good structure. The esophagus, in order to obtain a peristaltic wave that causes (called a bolus) balls food digestive tract of a sequence, the majority of contracts smooth muscle. In humans, it is a peristaltic contraction of smooth muscles to drive the contents through the digestive tract.

In most fish, the esophagus, very low mainly due to the (associated with the gills) the length of the throat. Not lungfish and lamprey chimera, true stomach, esophagus, so that it flows directly from the pharynx to the gut very effectively, and a little longer, however, some species,. To be, in short esophagus much longer than that of the fish according to the pharynx of tetrapods. In amphibians, in addition to the peristaltic movement of muscle, sharks and rays of the esophageal epithelium eyelashes, to help wash food together. Kang, esophagus is the poultry only in vertebrates most, to form a culture for preservation of food before entering the stomach True, it has been extended to the bottom. Structure with the same name connects the mouth to the stomach often, it is found in vertebrates, including arthropods and mollusks.

Is a thin layer of smooth muscle in the majority (muscularis mucosa) or muscularis mucosa [formula? In] gastrointestinal tract, is located on the outside of the lamina propria, and is separated from the submucosa. Refers to the muscularis mucosa (if it happens) the combination of the lamina propria and epithelium in the term “mucous membrane” or gastrointestinal mucosa. Etymology “is a special layer of the lining of their own,” as translated into Latin name I suggest “muscle layer of mucous membrane” and (lamina propria) (laminate muscularis mucosa), that. Muscle mucosa some of oriented smooth muscle fibers in a variety of ways to keep the surface of the associated glands and mucous membranes in a constant state of shaking slightly to expel the contents of the contact increased between the cavity contents and epithelium and crypt It consists of a thin layer.

(For example, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract and gastrointestinal tract) lamina propria is a component of the wet pad known as the mucosa or mucous membrane tube of various lines in the body. Lamina propria (ie, lamina propria mucosa) is located under the epithelium, which is a thin layer of loose connective tissue is mucosa and epithelium together. The name of the Latin shows, it shows that it is a characteristic component of the special lining of the lining ‘own coat. “Therefore, the. Specific layer relates to the combination of epithelial-specific plus laminate, contains the central lymphoid tissue in the small intestine and milk and capillaries (lymphatic),. Lining or mucosa term mucus secretion in the lamina propria always gland and duct to open lining epithelium of serous secretion and is included. lamina propria is rich in immune cells known as B lymphocytes. of IgA, the majority of these cells, secretion is a B-cell.

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Amygdala is a collection of lymphoid tissue. This term refers particularly to the palatine tonsil is a mass of lymph material located on both sides of the back of the throat of the man most commonly. Pharyngeal tonsils and tonsil of Palatine is a lymphoid tissue near the throat and pharynx. These fabrics, is a row of protective immunity first of the immune system against pathogens of inhalation or ingestion foreign. However, the role of the primary immunization of tonsils, it is to be understood yet.

Tonsillitis is a disease (pain and swelling) in tonsil inflammation. The most common way to treat it is an anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen or when bacterial such, and antibiotics. Many patients dealing with tonsil removal of them at the tonsillectomy surgically. Collection of lymphoid tissue known as Waldeyer tonsillar ring including adenoid tonsil, two ectopic tonsils, two palatine tonsil, the tongue tonsils. The tonsils, tend to reach a maximum size of their adolescent close, they pass atrophy after gradually. However, they are the largest in terms of diameter of the throat in young children.

You can be, you can remove tonsils in the tonsils surgically and inflammation (adenotonsillar hyperplasia) and (tonsillitis) larger. If it interferes in patients with recurrent tonsillitis or frequently affect the absorption or the airway, can be observed this it. However, when tonsillar hypertrophy described, the mechanism of the pathogenesis of other subtypes of these two, it is possible to have different responses to the efforts of the same treatment. In elderly patients, may be an indicator of tumor or virus infection tonsils, such as lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma asymmetric tonsils (also known as tonsillar hypertrophy of asymmetry), and the like. The hypertrophy of the tonsils, can be given the inability of sound velofaringealno and hypernasal, can affect the speech it. The size of the tonsils, can have a significant impact on upper airway obstruction in children with obesity compared to those of average weight.

One on each side, tonsils, is a small gland in the neck. They exist to help you fight bacteria when you’re a child. After the age of about three years, become less important in the fight against bacteria tonsils, usually reduced. Your body can fight bacteria without them still. They only take them if we are doing more harm than good. If we sore throat recurrence occurred despite treatment with antibiotics, they will take only tonsils. If they are large, to block the airway, the main reason for the other to remove the tonsils. Sometimes, small children, have a large tonsils so that they shut off the breathing at night. Parallel development in tonsil abscess, the result of infection of the tonsils, angina is the most unpleasant. People who have angina, choose to have a tonsillectomy to prevent another so often. If tonsils tumor is suspected, you are removed. If the increase tonsil tumor is expressed rapidly in size and bleeding ulcer and tonsils. Tumors of the tonsil is rare.

It is not necessary to remove the tonsils. You may want to check to see whether the it is only that the problem of the tonsils, you’d been waiting for. You need a doctor to explain why he or she feel that surgery is the best treatment he or she. By you can change your mind to work at any time, and to sign the consent form, it does not mean that there is a need to undergo surgery. If you would like, you can ask a specialist for a second opinion on the treatment. She will not bother to place it for you or him. You may have to arrange a second opinion to another specialist, you want to ask your own GP.

Tonsil surgery is very safe, all operations, has a small risk. The most serious problem is bleeding. This may require a second operation to stop it. This would have to be returned to the hospital of bleeding because there are two of Evert 100 children have their tonsils, and one of them will require a second operation. Such as, are you must tonsils of many of them is returned to the hospital because of bleeding, but only adults will require a second operation in the hundred. Of the 100 adults, during the operation of five, in particular, there is little chance that the tooth is chipped, there is a knock-out possible if we are crowned it or bukkake or are loose. You please let us know if you have any teeth of any such.

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The pancreas is a gland organ in the endocrine system and digestion of vertebrate. Generates important hormones, including some pancreatic polypeptide insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that promote digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine, endocrine glands, is also in the digestive organs it. These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the chyme further. Under the microscope, the sections of the pancreas were stained, indicating different types parenchyma, two. Slight staining groups of the cells is referred to as producing islets of Langerhans hormones that defines the endocrine function of the pancreas. Darker staining cells, to form a bunch that is connected to the tube. Belongs to the intestinal digestive enzymes through a system of channels, acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas secretes.

Provides the exocrine and endocrine pancreas is a dual function gland. Portion of the pancreatic endocrine function is approximately 1 million cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. Main types of single cell 4 is present in the islet. Be distinguished using staining techniques standard is relatively difficult them, be classified by secretion of their can they: (elevated blood glucose) glucagon secreting cell α, the β cell gamma cells and PP cells in the pancreas that delta cells secreted polypeptide secretion (decrease in blood glucose levels) insulin secreting, somatostatin (and control / stop α β cells) and.

Is a collection compact endocrine cells arranged in clusters and code, it is twirling in dense networks capillaries island. The capillaries of the islets, and backed by a layer of endocrine cells in direct contact with the container, through the cytoplasm or process, are in direct contact with blood or endocrine most cells is due to direct printing. By Alan E. nurse, depending on the volume of the body, and their production of “hard hormone island is usually around pancreatic cells of them as if they were placed in the part of a completely different part of the body islets is “ignored, plays an important role in glucose metabolism, and regulation of blood glucose concentration. I will help the digestive system as exocrine pancreas. It secretes pancreatic fluid containing digestive enzymes to pass through the small intestine. These enzymes help to break down (fat) lipid carbohydrate, and protein in the chyme further. In humans, direct, secretory activity of the pancreas is regulated by the action of the autonomic nervous system in blood flow indirectly by the action of the hormone in the blood of the islets of Langerhans.

Secretion of digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase, such as the abdominal cavity, the potential and lead to damage to the organs inside the abdomen and pancreas digestion and self-digestion of then, usually, excavation of the pancreas, medical intervention experienced rapid and I need. Inflammation pancreatitis, the pancreas. Various factors cause the high pressure of the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic duct leakage and rupture of pancreatic juice causes the self-digestion of the pancreas. Therefore, pancreatitis occurs. Gallstones and alcohol is the most common cause of two of pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, exocrine, mortality is very high to be one of the worst cancer in particular. Pancreatic endocrine tumor is rare. Representative: insulinoma gastrinoma (5% 95% benign, malignant).

It is a chronic autoimmune disease (also known as juvenile diabetes), immune system type 1 diabetes attacks the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. This results in a blood sugar level of patients rise to a dangerously high level. To fix this, the patient should take the third day insulin shot. In addition, there may be a correlation between some between pancreatic cancer and diabetes, and chronic pancreatitis. Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults overweight, but are seen in children too. Unlike type 1, it can be adjusted by the weight-loss drug continuously it. It may be if they are administered insulin to regulate the concentration of pancreatic enzyme supplements for patients aid digestion and blood sugar properly without pancreas is alive.

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In vertebrates, the center helps to digest fat (gall bladder, gallbladder, bile duct vesicles) The gallbladder is a small organ concentrate bile production in the liver. In humans, in most cases, loss of the gallbladder, may be easily tolerated. Surgical removal of the gallbladder, is called cholecystectomy. Gallbladder is a hollow system located beneath the liver exactly. In adults, the gallbladder, measuring about 8 cm and length (3.1 inches) diameter 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) when it is fully deployed. Bottom neck, body: it is divided into three parts. Connect to the bile duct through the binding of the cystic duct hepatic duct common to become the common bile duct and then taper neck. Gallstone is called a stuck bag Hartmann often neck of the gallbladder mucosa times. Angle of the gallbladder is disposed between the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle and coastal margin.

Gallbladder disease, is a disease related to the gallbladder. You may develop in other parts of the same system in the bile gallbladder gallstones. If can not gallstones gallbladder is symptomatic, it is divided into smaller pieces by the ultrasonic dissolution or with the drug, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy may be mentioned. Degradation products of gallstone bacteria of biliary lipid thin sheet of solubility of biliary lipid board, or unconjugated bilirubin, occurs in favor of precipitation of cholesterol when. For cholesterol gallstone cholesterol secretion of liver, metabolic diseases, intestinal bacterial degradation of bile salts in order to destabilize the cholesterol carrier in the bile, to produce crystals of cholesterol in combination with the change in motion of the gallbladder . The case of black pigment gallstones, changes in absorption and metabolism of heme lead bilirubin, increased bilirubin concentration and deposition of bilirubin calcium. Is the main factor leading to precipitation and bacterial degradation of brown pigment stone biliary lipid as opposed to mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract.

In a particularly fertile year, women, is an organization with the most compelling gallstones. Men to form a stone, may almost double, start for people to catch up, the difference narrows after menopause women. Female hormones, parity, estrogen replacement therapy or birth control pills, the main mechanism is the well-established risk factors for cholesterol gallstones. Female hormones, an adverse effect on the secretion of the liver function of the gallbladder and bile. Increased the secretion of cholesterol, reduce the secretion of bile salts, due to damage to the blank, bile salts, and estrogen reduces the secretion of progestin action gallbladder leading to shutdown. Progestin mud speaker Lennon of the new fourth generation to be used in oral contraceptives some increase the risk of cholecystectomy and gallstones further, but a fairly modest in the increased risk, the possibility that can not be clinically-important There is sex. State of Michigan that is compared with the 341 478 non-users, 138 943 user retrospective (historical) cohort study of the OC line in a large database that contains the data for 1981 and 1980 for billing Medicaid in Minnesota Broken. And high enough to be a problem clinically in young women only risk, but birth control pills, that it is a risk factor for gallbladder disease has been shown.

Those predisposed to it, some acceleration of the disease of women, but in 1984 the Royal College of General Practitioners oral contraceptive research, long-term oral contraceptives, shows that it is associated with an increased risk of gallbladder disease. In a recent study, it is suggested that this is not the case. The 1993 meta-analysis, it was concluded that the use of oral contraceptives, and is related to a transient increase incidence and mild gallbladder disease, good buying and selling, the low-dose oral modern effect even contraceptives, check exclusion is safer than the old formulation. [8]
In 2001, in the comparative study of IMS Health lifelink planning, risk of gallbladder disease associated with norethindrone comparison desogestrel, and drospirenone interpretation database as a large group of women using oral contraceptives is small, It was claimed that levonorgestre statistically significant increase can not be found. There is no statistically significant increase in risk associated with (ethynodiol diacetate, norgestimate and norgestrel) Other formulations of oral contraceptives.

There is a possibility that (1cm or less) is not a cancer Ost small polyps, unchanged for years. However, small polyps, for example, when viewed in other conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, they likely to be benign low. Likely to develop into cancer, the higher the large polyp. Cholesterolosis is characterized by the growth of the lining of the gallbladder in the prediction of fingers due to excessive accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in intraepithelial macrophages. Cholesterol these polyps are benign gallbladder polyp most. The adenomyomatosis, other too thick, gallbladder wall discloses a pathological state of the gallbladder by the distribution of ground cell layer. This is characterized by a deep fold in the proper muscle layer. Called Rokitanski-Aschoff sinuses, ultrasound examination may reveal a campus diverticulae thickened gallbladder wall.

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The liver, an important organ in animals and some other vertebrates are present. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio-chemical and necessary for digestion. It can be used in the short term new technologies liver dialysis, a method of compensating required for survival, the lack of long-term liver function, there is currently no liver. It plays an important role in metabolism, glycogen storage, disintegration of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and the body has a number of functions in the body, including detoxification. It is located below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces alkaline compound to help digestion by emulsifying bile, the lipid. Many of them, small is necessary for the normal function of life, organization highly specialized liver is to regulate a wide range of mass biochemical reactions such as decomposition and synthesis of complex molecules.

The liver is a reddish brown organ with four leaf shape and unequal size. Human liver, has soft weight and 1.44 to 1.66 kg of normal (3.2 to 3.7 kg), brown tinged with pink, the organ of the triangle. (Skin is the largest organ overall) and the internal organs of the maximum, this is the largest gland in the human body. It just resting on the diaphragm below, I am located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. Liver is located to overlap gallbladder and right stomach. Is connected to the large vessels of the two, it is called what’s called portal vein and hepatic artery one. Not only the entire intestinal tract, whereas carry blood containing the nutrients absorbed from the pancreas and spleen, hepatic artery carries blood from the aorta to the portal vein. These vessels subdivided into capillaries lead to small leaves then. Each lobule is made up liver cells, which is the main metabolic cages, with several million people. Unit is the functional unit of the liver.

Long-term bile duct was prepared from the woody branches biliary. Is collected in the merge bile canaliculi to form a bile duct bile produced by the liver. In the liver, ducts are called (in the liver) bile duct liver, they are considered to be (outside the liver) liver once, and then exit the liver. The merged to form the hepatic duct common Finally, intrahepatic duct discharging to the left and right hepatic duct. Cystic duct from the gallbladder joins the liver of common duct to form the common bile duct. The duodenum and through stored in gallbladder temporarily through the cystic duct or bile duct or bile duct directly. Pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the second part of the duodenum in the ampoule along the Vater.

When viewed from the gross anatomical top surface of the additional splitting the liver (left and right) of two parts, but if there, is divided into four parts visceral surface plus the tail lobes square. A link that curved looks (front side) front of the liver. This separates the anatomical right leaf anatomy and the left liver lobe. If you turned to look at it from the liver (visceral surface) below, there is a partition of two additional between the left and right. Tail lobe and (high) square leaf These are (bottom).

Determine visceral surface functional anatomy, how to organize the liver. Imaginary line that runs the gallbladder split in half and all the way to the inferior vena cava from the left you should see one. This line is called the line-scan her. This line divides the liver to the left and right. (Ligament of Aranshio) venous ligament such as round ligament (ligament teres), anatomical and other characteristics, are still separated on the left side of the liver sections of two more. Now, an important anatomical landmark, horizontal slit of the liver, separates this part of the left segment of the four numbers starting from the tail lobule as well as the anti-clock mode is attached, of the liver. Eight segment will only be seen top view, from this point of view, we can see the 7 segment of the internal organs. It is composed of units of each of the lobes, is then run from binding around the hepatic veins to carry the blood from the liver vein.

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Parotid salivary gland is a human. A double-stranded structure, which is the maximum of the salivary glands. In order to facilitate swallowing and chewing and in order to initiate the absorption of starch, which is wound around the saliva and separated by a channel ramus Stensen in the oral cavity. The word “mumps” means around the ear (paraotic) literally. Under, parotid gland is a pair of serous salivary glands located in front of the ear canal to drain the secretions of their own in the vestibule of the mouth through the tube Stensen her. They are the major salivary glands of the largest of the human body.

Nflammation of one or both of the parotid gland is also known as the mumps. The most common cause of parotitis is mumps. A wide range of vaccination against mumps has reduced the incidence of measles mumps significantly. Regardless of external pressure and salivary duct stones from other infections viral infections, such as bacterial infections such separately, can cause (mumps, chronic suppurative parotiti or acute) the mumps as the cut-off channel . There is a possibility that syphilis and tuberculosis also cause granulomas formtation parotid gland. Main confluence of the main duct and stone occur in the main parotid duct. The saliva, when there is a tendency to avoid foods that produce this condition, patients usually complain of pain. In addition, you may want to become enlarged as trying to eat the parotid gland. Pain can be reproduced in the clinic squirting lemon juice in the mouth.

In surgery is a section of the oral mucosa and normal sphinterotomy to permit removal, the front of the channel depends to if the location of the stone, but if it is disposed on the back of the main duct, it must be completely resected glands There is a case to be. May be due to lymph benign lesions caused by Sjogren’s syndrome and Mikulicz disease is swelling of the parotid gland. Create and swelling of the parotid gland, the appearance of the line of heavy jaw, it indicates a failure bulimia nervosa, you may want to eat. 80% of eighty-tumor of the parotid gland are benign. The most common of these is (ie gland lymphoma) Warthin tumor and pleomorphic adenoma of many men than women. Its importance is related anatomically, it is a tendency to increase over time. The growth of the tumor, there is a potential to change the order of the gland, facial nerve causes facial pain on the side of traveling through the gland.

Mucoepidermoid cancer and tumor, 20% from 15 minutes of parotid gland tumor is adenoid cystic carcinoma of the most common malignant. Cancer of undifferentiated carcinoma parotid pleomorphic adenoma chemical cell carcinoma, cancer of EX, (pancreatic duct epithelial origin of parotid) glands, and, (resulting from real parotid gland) squamous cell carcinoma includes other cancers are. Critically, must be defined as a resection of the tumor is related to a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), in the paralysis of the facial muscles of the face, as a result, there is a possibility of damage to the nerve. I increase the likelihood of recurrence after surgery and in some cases difficult anatomical relationship of the facial nerve parotid gland rental because of the surgical treatment of tumors of the parotid gland. Therefore, detection of early stages of parotid gland tumor is very important from the point of view of prognosis after surgery. Incomplete before treatment made in a range of other professional and cause attacks surgery technology is difficult.

Innervation is completely autonomous. Reached around gland periarterial plexus of the external carotid artery postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, its main function is vasoconstriction. The cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetics, usually in the corner next to the spinal cord segment of the chest at the top. Sympathetic fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve section before, I leave the brain stem of small salivary nucleus eardrum, through the next lower cone branch path to the otic ganglion then. They synapse to reach the gland hitchhiking through branch auriculotemporal nerve, mandibular nerve postganglionic fibers there.