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It means that you increase the number hypergenesis or hyperplasia, of cell / cell proliferation. The term can lead to total enlargement of the organ, which is mixed with benign tumors / benign tumors sometimes. It is the common hyperplasia’s become a stimulus. Microscopic cells are similar to normal cells, but the number will increase. Thereby increasing the size of the cells sometimes. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy is different in that the adaptive changes in cell hypertrophy associated whereas increasing hyperplasia, the number of cells, which increases the cell size. Hyperplasia, are considered to certain stimuli and physiological response (normal), cell over-growth is to remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanism. (The benign tumor processes and cancer-based) contrast to the tumor, which is propagated in a non-physiologically abnormal cells genetically does not respond to normal stimuli. As can be seen from the following examples, the physiological growth of cells, could be a pathological cause secondary in practice. However, the distribution itself is abnormal growth is very, in contrast, the tumor is a normal response of the abnormal state of the other.

Increasing demand (for example, to compensate for growth of the basal layer of the epidermis, the loss of the skin), hyperplasia or other, due to include chronic inflammatory reaction, dysfunction hormones, and any number of reasons it is possible to compensate for damage or disease site. there is a possibility that hyperplasia is a harmless, occur in a particular organization. Preparation of future nursing, example of a successful response is playing an over-growth of mammary secretory cells in the chest in response to pregnancy by it.

Further hyperplasia, it can be artificially induced by hormones, and injecting the human growth hormone, such as IGF-1. IGF strong effect is also the ability to cause hyperplasia, which is a division of the actual cell of the human body on the most interesting and perhaps. On the other hand, the use of steroids and weight training, in skeletal muscle cells to increase the size of the cell simply, for example, what is to happen to hypertrophy. Using the IGF, then one, it is possible to induce hyperplasia increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue. Weight training, you can mature in size and strength to new these cells with or without the use of anabolic steroids. In addition, animal studies, can cause hyperplasia of this phenomenon has not been confirmed in humans still stretching the muscles are shown. Increases the number of muscle fibers, thereby not to increase the size of the single fiber, hyperplasia may be induced by specific training capacity of athletic performance.

Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive growth of cells in the lining or inner membrane of the uterus. Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia due to high levels of counter-proliferation effect usually, a combination of estrogen and a sufficiently high level of hormones such as progesterone, estrogen on the fabric. This (e.g., granulosa cell tumors) can be carried out in a number of conditions including the particular form of estrogen replacement therapy and obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, estrogen-producing tumor. Endometrial hyperplasia is also a co-existence of endometrial cancer or factors, for serious risk development, treatment and observation since it is carefully essential that women with this condition.

Woman Baby classical CAH was blurred genital exposure due to high concentration of intrauterine androgen. 21 – CAH by hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia genotype in normal girls (46XX). In response to less severely affected, may present with early pubarche women. I can young women with symptoms (menstruation, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism) of polycystic ovary syndrome. Usually, there is no indication of CAH at birth male classical CAH. Some may present a possible extension of the penis and pigmentation. Old man with a diagnosis of CAH is different, I will depend on the severity of aldosterone deficiency. Boys announcement and salt consumption at the beginning of the symptoms of hypovolemia and hyponatremia,. Boy presented later with signs of virilization When the non-salt wasting disease.

Cortisol is an adrenal steroid hormones necessary for normal endocrine function. Production begins in the second month of fetal life. Bad cortisol is characteristic of most forms of CAH. I increase the ACTH as a result of inefficiencies in cortisol levels can lead to hyperactivity proliferation of steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex (hyperplasia) in order. There is a defect that causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Steroid. Enzymes involved in CAH is represented by a bar of 4 green and red in the upper half of the scheme. Will be reduced by the mineralocorticoid or androgen production (bottom left) by the possible enzyme. By this, it can lead to increased production of other molecules due to the accumulation of the precursor. Usually, lack of cortisol in CAH is not a problem with the unit minutes most serious those involved. Androgen as testosterone and estrogen, such as estradiol and synthetic process, synthesis of cortisol shares of Mine, such as aldosterone like this. Or subject to excessive deficit, production of three classes of these hormones cause the most important issues for people with CAH. Specific enzyme is inefficient associated with certain patterns lack of sex steroids and mineralocorticoids or higher.

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Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in front of the laryngeal prominence under neck, I’ll make the metabolic hormones that control. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in front of the laryngeal prominence under neck, I’ll make the metabolic hormones that control. One of the, there are a variety of symptoms for many thyroiditis also, is not limited to this condition exclusively. Many of the features, to mimic can be, for example, sometimes is difficult to diagnose the symptoms of other diseases, such as thyroiditis. Is a chronic damage to the thyroid cell is slow, depression, dry skin, “is fuzzy, toward” the constipation symptoms of hypothyroidism is common, occurs when the feeling, fatigue, weight gain is included and. Other symptoms, less common swelling of the foot contains, pain vague joint, decreased concentration and. The heart rate, when it is possible to start watching puffiness around the eyes, more stringent, depending on the type of thyroiditis conditions, heart failure or an initial body temperature decreases. On the other hand, if failure of the thyroid cell is low, the gland thyroid hormone flowing through the blood, causing the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis close to hyperthyroidism. These symptoms, there is fatigue and increase weight loss, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, and heart rate. Increase in thyroid hormone levels in the blood, caused both conditions, but thyrotoxicosis, as in the case of hyperthyroidism, a term used by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not excessive.

Usually, a result of damage to the thyroid cells and inflammation, thyroiditis is caused by the attack of the thyroid gland. In many cases, the disease is believed to dysfunction of the immune system. It is those antibodies that attack the thyroid gland cause most types of thyroiditis. This antibody may be caused by infection with viruses or bacteria works like cause inflammation of the gland. Because the body acts as if it were a foreign thyroid tissue, and thyroiditis and thyroid antibodies in some people, can be regarded as an autoimmune disease it. Tends to impair the thyroid cells they, also,, drugs of some, such as amiodarone and interferon such, can cause thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hashimoto Japanese doctor was described by workers mowing in Germany in 1912 first. The Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, it is known as lymphocytic thyroiditis, often, patients with this disease, have complained of difficulty in swallowing. This condition can be very mild at first that the disease remains undetected for many years. The first symptom that shows signs of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is supplied to the front side of the neck. Determine what measures how the disease depending on the severity of advanced, have been taken for treatment doctors.

The most common and convenient way for the diagnosis of thyroiditis was the first physician to palpation of the thyroid gland during an examination. Laboratory tests can be used to assess the patient for the physician to suppress the intake of radioactive iodine price increase of erythrocyte sedimentation, and increase, the thyroglobulin level. Determine the type of thyroiditis in the blood test, it will help you determine what production methods that exist in the body thyroid stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland, the antibody. In some cases, it may be required to examine the biopsy or attack the thyroid. Treatment of the disease is dependent on the type of thyroid diagnosed. The most common type is known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hormone replacement will begin immediately processing. As with hypothyroidism, this will prevent or correct maintain the gland from the overall increase. Victims of the disease requires a rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, however, reduce inflammation, steroids several monitors the heart rate often. Depending on the type of thyroiditis, doctor can prescribe a medicine called a reduction of tremor and decrease heart rate of β-blockers.

The subacute and lymphocytic thyroiditis Hashimoto shape is known as Hashimoto’s painless and silent thyroiditis. Acute lymphocytic thyroiditis, can occur at any age, it is more common in women. Option subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, occurs after birth – the postpartum thyroiditis. It can be considered Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and both of the faces of these subtypes of autoimmune basis. The anti-thyroid antibodies, organizational structure that is common to all three, the underlying is similar

Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto ashimoto attack of hyperthyroidism occurs very frequently. Sensitivity to cold psychosis myxedematous, weight gain, depression, mania, and heat, paresthesia, chronic fatigue, panic attacks, bradycardia, tachycardia, high cholesterol, symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, reactive hypoglycemia , hair loss joints include constipation, headache, muscle weakness, numbness, menorrhagia, cramps, memory loss, blurred vision, and infertility.  In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid, may be lobulated with large firm, but may change in the intellectual non-thyroid touch. Rather than fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, and enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by the enlarged tissue. Physiologically, antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase and / or causes progressive destruction of the thyroid follicles. Thus, the disease can be detected by clinical examination of these antibodies in the blood. Preferably is characterized by infiltration of thyroid tissue white blood cells, by T lymphocytes it. In addition, I have been associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

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Line is displayed on the outside of the uterus cavity cells (endometrium) endometrial most common of the film abdominal cavity, peritoneum, endometriosis is the development of the gynecological diseases,,. The uterine cavity, endometrial cells under the influence of female hormones is lined. The endometrial cells in areas outside of the uterus (endometrium), and it is answered in a manner similar to the cells found in the uterus and affected by hormonal changes. Symptoms of endometriosis is pain and infertility. Pain is the worst frequent menstrual cycle, called dysmenorrhea.  Endometriosis is estimated usually observed in the reproductive years, it had been found in approximately 6-10% of women with endometriosis. Symptoms may depend on the position of the active endometriosis. Not be the main universal, in the form of different symptoms, it is pelvic pain. Endometriosis is a common finding and female infertility.  It is the treatment of endometriosis short excised uterus No. Although, analgesics can not be processed hormone therapy, in various ways, including surgery.

By dragging the leg pain Throbbing, and, gnawing, women with endometriosis have been reported more frequently. People who compared with women with endometriosis superficial, with a deep disease, likely to report a sense of the guts of the pull-down their pain and rectal shooting is high. Pain is connected to the diagnostic surgery, pain intensity and area of ​​[quote] individual, the area of ​​the pain can be associated to the area of ​​the endometrium. It is not possible in response to the stimulation of hormones, lesions of endometriosis, to “bleed” during menstruation. Causing an inflammatory response that results in swelling and activation of cytokines, blood accumulates locally. This process can give rise to pain. The pain may be caused by (internal scarring) adhesions connecting the internal organs to each other result of the displacement of the organ. it is possible oviduct, ovary, uterus, intestine, bladder, and not only, during the menstrual cycle and connected to each other in a way painful on a daily basis. Further, by being able to develop its own source of nerve creates interactions of direct two-way between the lesion and the central nervous system, potentially endometrial lesions in women some , Disease could have very independent, produce individual differences in a variety of pain.

Laparoscopic surgical approach, including resection of endometrial and ovarian adhesion. Endometriosis, in many cases, it is considered that removal or surgical resection and is very good in terms of the continuous removal of the disease, you need to be eased the pain. May lead to the improvement of the sometimes fertility surgery, side effects, may lead to an increase in FSH three for many patients or the 2nd cycle. And burns [edit] laser surgery can be recovered quickly endometriosis and endometriosis, and considered to be very effective, you are burning the top layer of the endometrium only. Similarly, sclerotherapy and drainage of the endometrium is a technique somewhat controversial in order to remove the endometrium by varying degrees of success. It can be performed to maintain fertility in young patients surgery conservative, and in particular, increase the FSH values, ovaries is small if it is removed in the process surgically functional ovarian tissue, as described above It can have the effect of productivity is improved. Operation laparoscopic surgery, will be able to provide improved fertility treatment and pain relief. Radical surgery options may include a bilateral oophorectomy or single.

In particular, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are used in patients with pelvic pain (NSAID) has established if (excisional biopsy), the diagnosis of endometriosis is often not determined. The goal of treatment is directed to state the missing. Typically, this is accomplished first using a hormonal contraceptive. This can gonadotropin releasing hormone agents progesterone, danazol or gestrinone, (GnRH agonist), as well as to achieve a drug than other known. If oral contraceptives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not effective, these agents are typically used. Without losing the effect, in combination with (add-back therapy) progestogen and estrogen, GnRH involves the hypoestrogenic symptoms too. These drugs are short-lived while taking the medication often ineffective in the treatment of relief and endometrium can. Hot flashes such, loss of bone, large aloud, weight gain, and as facial hair, hormone treatment of a large number of sometimes permanent side effects.

Many women with infertility may have endometriosis. Endometriosis, but can not be used in such a way that it can lead to (scar tissue fibers to form between tissues and organs after recovering from injury) adhesions and anatomic distortion, it is easy to understand cause-and-effect relationship , link between endometriosis and infertility, have limited time about endometriosis remains a mystery. Alternatively embryos and gametes, Endometriosis, likely to develop in women who are not able to imagine other reasons because it may be higher, lesions of endometriosis suspected detrimental factors epiphenomenon that The release, that you talk of infertility in endometriosis-related preferred it.

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia also, (BPH) is, and called benign hypertrophy (operation technical inaccuracies) benign prostatic hyperplasia prostate (BEP), and adenofibromyomatous hyperplasia, it is to increase the size of the prostate. BPH, prostate, formation of distinct nodes periurethral area larger, as a result, prostatic stroma and including hyperplasia of epithelial cells. Enough nodes, when compressing the urethra, of interfering with the normal flow of urine, part, the urethral canal to cause obstruction substantially complete at times. This is so that either contribute to this increased risk symptoms of urinary hesitation, urinary frequency, urinary tract infection, or urinary retention, and cause insomnia. infections urinary volume and body prostate-specific antigen level is increased due to inflammation caused, may be elevated in these patients, but do lead to cancer, BPH does not increase the risk of cancer . (The increase in the size of individual cells) hypertrophy, even in many cases, of the urologist, the two terms are used interchangeably, not (increase in cell number) BPH wind hyperplasia. I have considered the growth of prostate adenoma is to begin in about 30. About 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH in 50, 75% 80 years, 40-50% of these men, the BPH, is important clinically.

Symptoms of BPH are classified as urination or storage. Symptoms of storage is included (nocturia) that you urinate at night (need convincing to void that can not be postponed) urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence.(Waiting a stream starting) urine flow oscillation (when the stream is started, and stopped periodically) intermittently, the tension void, urinary symptoms including dribbling. Urination pain and disability are not normally present. Was evaluated using (IPSS) questionnaire International Prostate Symptom Score is designed to urinary symptoms and these storage to assess the severity of BPH. The BPH, in particular, there is a progressive disease if you are left untreated. I empty the lead to stagnation of bacteria increase in risk of urinary tract infections and bladder residue incomplete. It is formed by crystallization of the salt of the bladder residual urine bladder stones. Retention referred to as acute or chronic, is another form of progression. It is that you can not acute urinary retention, disable while gradually increased in chronic urine residual urine volume, bladder expansion. This can lead to low blood pressure bladder. May lead to renal failure Finally, some patients suffering from chronic urinary retention, called condition and obstructive uropathy.

I think most experts to function as a tolerance (the hormone and testosterone) androgen. It is available to generate a BPH androgens, but it means that there must always directly trigger condition. This is supported by the fact that the age of castration boy that they develop BPH. On the other hand, application of exogenous testosterone is not associated with a significant increase in the risk of BPH symptoms. Metabolite (DHT), testosterone, is an important mediator of prostate growth [quote] dihydrotestosterone. By the action of two testosterone 5α-reductase enzyme, DHT was prepared in the prostate from the circulation. This enzyme therefore is localized mainly in stromal cells, these cells are the major site of synthesis of DHT.

DHT is able to act in an autocrine manner to paracrine distribution of epithelial cells near or stromal cells. In both cell types, DHT is a mitogenic for stromal cells and androgen receptor and epithelium, coupled to the signal of the nuclear transcription of growth factors. The DHT, it is 10 times stronger than testosterone as attenuation from late androgen receptor. Inhibitors of 5α-reductase such as finasteride such clinical observations are given to people with this condition, the importance of DHT, is supported by causing nodular hyperplasia. And reduce the volume of the prostate prostate thus significantly reduced, in many cases, processing for the directory 5α-reductase DHT content, symptoms of BPH.

Testosterone promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells, but relatively low serum testosterone levels are found in patients with BPH. In a small study, the influence of the level of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the prostate with less medical castration, suggesting that reduce the level of prostate hormone and heterogeneous serum.
There is some evidence that estrogen plays a role in the etiology of BPH, but not the local conversion of androgens, this effect is mediated primarily by direct effects of estrogen itself to estrogen in prostate tissue will be displayed. Level of significant androgen, caused a marked atrophy of the prostate reduction in biological research dog castration, and estrogen levels as it is left. Research seeking the connection between prostate hyperplasia of people, and serum estrogen levels is not as common.

In 2008, for example, Yigal gut. BPH has announced evidence that caused lead to an increase in local-level rise of testosterone to 100 times higher than the serum level and hydrostatic pressure, by the lack of seed venous drainage system. If it is confirmed, to explain why serum androgen level that does not have a big difference does not seem to correlate with BPH, this mechanism would give the exogenous testosterone. It is also important for treatment.

In a microscopic level, BPH, 70 years of age or around the world, as they age, it can be seen by the majority of men in particular. However, clinically significant, symptomatic BPH rate depends on the way of life dramatically. Man to lead the lifestyle of the West, have a higher incidence of much of symptomatic BPH than men to lead a rural lifestyle and traditional. While has a huge incidence of this condition, is still under it men living in the city to adopt the lifestyle of the West, in rural areas, this is a very low level of clinical BPH men The interest in the West is confirmed by studies in Chinese indicating that you have.

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Kidney chronic pyelonephritis ascending urinary tract infections pyelonephritis, has reached the pelvis of the kidney or pyelum. It is a form of nephritis with pyelitis. Severe cases of pyelonephritis, there is a possibility that (collection of pus around the kidney) pyonephrosis (systemic inflammatory response to infection) urinary tract sepsis, renal failure, cause even death. Back to the costovertebral angle on the side affected, to tenderness and nausea, urination with radiant heat, rapid heart beat, pain, pyelonephritis, exhibit abdominal pain. Pyelonephritis can be accompanied by rapid breathing, low blood pressure, severe shaking, such as delirium, sometimes signs of septic shock by proceeding urinary tract sepsis. to antibiotic therapy, surgery and ureteroscopy, as percutaneous renal nefrostomiya percutaneously or sometimes, to prevent its recurrence, pyelonephritis and require treatment of the root cause of any. Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous, is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis, (removal of kidney) renal is necessary for final processing in general here.

Most cases of “community-acquired” pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms into the urinary tract. Biological general is enterococci and Escherichia coli (70-80%). Enterococci and Escherichia coli, as well as caused by bacteria, nosocomial infection (for example, various types of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) that allows other organisms, rare in society. Most cases of pyelonephritis, start lower urinary tract, prostatitis and cystitis in particular. It is possible to be able to mature E. coli biofilm to form intracellular bacterial communities to (the IBC), and to penetrate the surface umbrella cells of the bladder. If there is resistance to the response of the immune system and antibiotics, biofilms of these producing E. coli, provides the instructions, such as pyelonephritis, the potential for recurrent urinary tract infection. Risk is increased in the following situations:.

If the kidney stone is suspected, kidney, ureter, bladder, and the impermeable radiation (eg, based on the presence or absence of an imbalance of blood or urine pain characteristics colic) X-ray (KUB film) it is possible to help to identify the stone. With the exception of the stone very unusual consisting of drug residues of certain urine, diagnostic modality of choice in the X-ray evaluation of nephrolithiasis.All stones 5 mm section noncontrast spiral CT suspected and, if possible, detected by CT scan is possible. In patients with recurrent rise urinary tract infections, it may be necessary to exclude polycystic kidney disease or reflux vezikoureteralen of anatomical abnormality. The test used in this setting, ultrasound examination of voiding cystourethrography and kidney are included. The abdominal ultrasonography and CT, are useful in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, to obtain the serial image to distinguish the status of kidney cancer may be useful.

Are line antibiotic susceptibility tests and suspected urine culture and nephritis in a patient, and is adjusted based on the pathogenic bacterium primary care. In most cases of nephritis due to bacterial infection, which is the mainstay of antibiotic therapy. Depends on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and type of soiling of the body and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides, alone or selection of antibiotics, can include combinations.

Is a low prevalence of resistant bacteria in patients who do not require hospitalization, oral fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin, is an appropriate choice for the initial treatment. In areas where there is a high fluoroquinolone resistance rate, that continuation of treatment with oral fluoroquinolones, starting treatment, such as an aminoglycoside or a single intravenous dose, long-acting antibiotic ceftriaxone then is useful it, and. If it uropathogen susceptible are known, Oral trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole is a suitable choice for treatment. When using the trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole when the sensitivity is not known, it is possible to start processing the aminoglycoside, or a single intravenous dose of long-acting antibiotic ceftriaxone is useful . The oral β-lactam antibiotics, efficiency is lower than other means that can be used for the treatment of pyelonephritis.

Usually, has been admitted to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics and intravenous hydration people with acute pyelonephritis accompanied by fever and leukocytosis. Treatment begins carbapenem and cephalosporin intravenous fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, or spectrum penicillin, broad in general. Often, a combination therapy of antibiotics, have been used in such a situation. The treatment regimen was selected based on the sensitivity of the profile (s) a particular pathogen and local resistance data.

In the course of antibiotic treatment, I have closely monitored the serial number of the temperature and white blood cells. Patient, until 24 to 48 hours afebrile least, continue the intravenous antibiotics typically then antibiotics equivalent, may be all the period administration of the treatment two weeks. Ingestion vacuum infusion, it is possible dead loss (by raising the temperature), and is administered to compensate for the diuretic and optimization vasodilation. Percutaneous ureteral stent placement or Nefrostomiya may be given to relieve disorders caused by the stone. Children with acute pyelonephritis can be treated effectively short course of intravenous therapy (cefixime, amoxicillin / clavulanate and Ceftibuten) or oral antibiotics (2 to 4) followed by oral therapy. If intravenous treatment is selected, a single daily dose of aminoglycosides is safe and effective. Treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, including surgery and antibiotics. Is effective for some people with the disease (partial nephrectomy) has been established polarity resection but nephrectomy is a surgical treatment of the best in most cases. Observation with serial imaging, may be appropriate in unusual circumstances.

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Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency, in many cases, it has been required removal by laparoscopic or laparotomy plus or inflamed. May lead to circulatory shock inflammation and intestinal infections and (peritoneal) primarily to the risk of rupture leading to sepsis arbitrary known as peritonitis clinically untreated, mortality is high. Describes the appendicitis of acute and chronic in 1886 and is recognized as one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain of severe global Reginald Fitz first. It is correctly diagnosed appendicitis, non-acute form “is rumbling appendicitis” is known as. It is used for the condition term “false appendicitis” to describe the mimic appendicitis. It may be related to Yersinia enterocolitica.

The latter, it is described this pain, vomiting, fever, as a classic expression of acute appendicitis. Innervation of the appendix because it must enter into the spinal cord at the same level as (navel) navel, stomach pain, start higher. Then, in the appendix, is the swelling, stimulate the abdominal wall surrounding it, there is a tendency with the exception of children under the age of 3, localized within a few hours in the lower right quadrant. It can be achieved by a variety of signs, this pain can be severe. Sign, including local findings of right iliac well. Abdominal wall becomes very sensitive to gentle pressure (palpation). In addition, there is a severe pain of the sudden release of pressure (jump response) in the deep part of the belly. In the case of (located behind the cecum) retrocecal appendix, however, may sensitization (silent appendix) does not occur pressure deep even in the lower right quadrant, and why, in an expansion cecum by gas , pressure is that prevent the addition of inflammation. Ni Doyo if the application is fully deployed in the pelvis, the complete cure without the abdomen, usually not. Cause rectal bladder bag with pain If you notice any of the rectal examination. (The point of McBurney) point tenderness in this area occurs, To localize the appendix this is inflamed, cough, is a method of painful at least. The palpation of the abdomen, if unintentionally it is (rigid) guard, there should be a strong suspicion of emergent surgical intervention peritonitis is required.

Based on experimental evidence, it appears that acute appendicitis, and the final result of occlusion of first (inner side of the tubular structure) the addition of the lumen. [7] then [8], a failure occurs, it causes obstruction and thrombosis of the stagnation of the flow of lymphatic and small vessel addition is followed, increasing the pressure in the wall and lumen of the annex, and fluid I was kept swelling. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery can not occur at this time. As the former run, post-ischemic, application is made to necrosis. The bacteria begin to leak wall, through the pus form appendix (suppuration) within and dying around. That sepsis, lead to death eventually (up to “burst supplement”) appendix destruction, causing peritonitis The end result of this cascade. Foreign body, trauma, tapeworm, and lymphadenitis, known as fecaliths or appendicoliths, most commonly, the agent including deposits of feces calcified

Because appearance prevent the attention of fecaliths of their presence in appendicitis patients, significantly higher in developed also in developing countries, appendix shit stone is associated with appendicitis and complex in general. In addition, as evidenced by fewer bowel movements per week significantly in acute appendicitis patients compared to healthy controls, may play a role arrest Innovation U feces. I suspect the occurrence of fecal pellet of appendix, to be due to the right side fecal retention reservoir in the long transit time and colon. Epidemiological data indicating that it was colon cancer and unknown very rare in the society adenomatous polyps and diverticulitis is exempt from appendicitis. Also, can occur with the precursor of colorectal cancer acute appendicitis, and colon has been shown. Several studies have provided evidence of a low fiber intake is involved in the pathogenesis of appendicitis. This is consistent with the fact that dietary fiber and the occurrence of correct feces tank would reduce the transit time.

Neutrophils and history (symptoms), is based on the physical examination, supported by an increase in white blood cells diagnosis. The story is divided into two categories of atypical and typical. There is abdominal pain that starts normally associated with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, in the region of the navel of several hours appendicitis in general. After that, he developed a tenderness, to (left lower abdomen where inversion hair loss or patient) in the lower right quadrant pain “settled”. Combination of pain, loss of appetite, fever, and leukocytosis is a classic. It lacks the typical progression and history atypical may include pain in the lower right quadrant as an initial symptom. History of atypical require image and computed tomography and / or ultrasound often.

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Erosive gastritis, gastric mucosa is the erosion prevent damage to the mucosa. Alcohol consumption causes chronic gastritis. On the other hand, erosion of the gastric mucosa, stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid at low doses of alcohol. High dose of alcohol, did not stimulate the secretion of acid. NSAID is a COX-1 or cyclooxygenase -1, the possibility of peptic ulcer increases, I inhibit the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of eicosanoids in the stomach. Also, for example, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce a substance that protects the stomach called prostaglandins. It is used in a short time these agents are not usually dangerous. However, regular use, can cause gastritis.

The gastritis is a inflammation of the gastric mucosa, there is possible for a number of reasons. And alcohol intake of acute excessive, the main reason long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin (also known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) of. Gastritis is developing after severe infections major surgery, trauma, or burns, once in a while. Is likely to occur in people who underwent weight loss surgery to be the reconstruction of the digestive tract and also stripe gastritis. Infections caused by bacteria, including Helicobacter pylori, chronic bile reflux, stress in particular, autoimmune disease of some, can cause gastritis as well cause chronic. The most common symptom is pain and upset abdomen. Other symptoms, has indigestion, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and pernicious anemia. Some, you may have a burning sensation or feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen. Test Chair stomach, blood test, or complete blood test, can be used for the diagnosis of gastritis. Antibiotic, contains the medicine and other antacid like spicy food and hot and avoid a proton pump inhibitor such treatment. For those of pernicious anemia, B12 injections are written but, B12 oral supplements are recommended more often.

I refer to a wide range of problems chronic gastritis, gastric tissue. Immune system to make antibodies and proteins fighting infection in the body to maintain a constant state. In some diseases, it is directed to the stomach as in the case of a pathogen or a foreign protein which is able to produce antibodies against damage very strong, to destroy the lining and the stomach further. If it is not functioning properly, or removed during operation, in some cases, it is used to aid in the digestion in the small intestine in general, bile, also enters through the pyloric valve of the stomach it I cause gastritis. Gastritis may be caused HIV / AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, connective tissue specific, depending on other diseases, including renal failure and liver.

Mucus gland metaplasia reversible exchange of differentiated cells occurs in the definition of serious damage to the gastric glands, to be replaced by the mucus glands and gradually waste (atrophic gastritis) away then. may ulcers to develop, it is unclear whether they are the result or cause. Intestinal epithelium mosquito can generally starts in response to chronic mucosal lesions in the cavity and reach the body. It can be changed to resemble the intestinal mucosa, gastric mucosa cells, may assume the absorption properties. Intestinal metaplasia, are classified histologically as complete or incomplete. Functionally and histologically, it was transformed into the small intestine mucosa for their ability to absorb nutrients secretory peptide completely full metaplasia gastric mucosa. In line with the histological appearance of the colon as well as in incomplete metaplasia, in many cases, dysplasia appears.

Over-the-counter antacids, is a common treatment for mild gastritis in the form of a pill or liquid. You can antacids will neutralize the stomach acid, to provide relief of pain fast. Antacids, when not provide sufficient relief drugs as nizatidine and helps reduce the amount of acid cimetidine such, ranitidine, or stomach famotidine produces a prescribed frequently. More effective way to reduce the production of gastric acid, is to shut down the cellular nucleic acid “pumps” of gastric acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking the action of small pumps thereof. Omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and this class of drugs, includes esomeprazole. Proton pump inhibitors H. pylori appear to suppress H. also. Cytoprotective agents are designed to protect the tissues of the small intestine and stomach line thereof. These include the misoprostol and sucralfate medicine. If used regularly NSAID, it is possible to take one of these agents for the protection of the stomach. Cytoprotective agent of another, is bismuth subsalicylate. I like many people also, to drink milk to relieve the symptoms, worsening of symptoms, higher levels of calcium stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells in the end actually. As well as activities of H. pylori appears to be not only protects the lining of the stomach and intestines, bismuth preparations to inhibit the H,. H. pylori Several methods are used for the treatment of H. infection. Most, I use a combination of proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics. Bismuth is added to the system sometimes. Antibiotics AIDS destroying the proton pump inhibitors or blockers acid bacteria and to reduce pain and nausea, and inflammation of the cured, may increase the effectiveness of antibiotics

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In addition, peptic ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer disease, so acidic in general, is the most common areas of ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract is very painful. It is defined so that it can be exacerbated or caused by drugs aspirin, such as 0.5 cm ulcers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other ibuprofen erosions or equal to mucosa.
Peptic ulcer of many, the first part of the small intestine to the stomach itself as occurs four times in the duodenum, and, following the stomach immediately. About 4% of the ulcer since caused by malignant tumors, biopsy plurality are needed to exclude cancer. Ulcer, benign in general.

The history of the use of a particular form of drug heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease and (GERD), you may occur due to suspected peptic ulcer. Includes inhibition of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) glucocorticoids (eg, dexamethasone and prednisolone) and cyclooxygenase the most drugs that are associated with peptic ulcer.
Two weeks or more, in patients with 45 or more people you have the above symptoms, the odds of peptic ulcers, high enough to justify the investigation rapid esophageal stomach.

The timing of the symptoms associated with feeding, there is a distinction between duodenal ulcer and stomach. Gastric ulcer would give epigastric pain during a meal of gastric acid production to increase food enters the stomach. By symptoms of duodenum is released from semolina, such as pyloric sphincter like the first, the acid, it does not reach the duodenum Close the focus of the contents of the stomach. When the stomach began to release the acid digestion and food into the duodenum, after 2-3 hours meal, pain of duodenal ulcer occurs mainly. It is also possible symptoms of peptic ulcer is varied depending on the age of the patient and the location of the ulcer. However, there is a tendency for ulcers typically is processed is repeated, there can occur a few days or weeks pain obtained is decreased or disappeared thereafter. Unless complications occur, children and the elderly do not develop symptoms usually.

Duration or baked in the abdomen during 30 minutes, 3 hours, gnawing sense that involves the ulcer in general. This pain hunger, it can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn. Usually, pain caused by ulcers, but can be affected by gastric acid when in contact with the ulcer area it. There will be worse may can feel the navel sternum nowhere pain due to peptic ulcer, it takes minutes to hours, the stomach is empty. Further, it is possible pain becomes active at night sometimes, often can be alleviated by by eating the foods buffer gastric acid or temporarily adopt an anti-acid drugs. However, symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, may be different for each patient.

It is a chronic inflammation (~ 60% 90% of duodenal ulcers and in the stomach) major factors due to Helicobacter pylori, it colonized the antral mucosa. Despite not be able to clear the infection, [8] the immune system, the generation of antibodies. Thus, the resulting defects in the regulation of the production of gastrin in this part of the gastric secretion of gastrin, comprising (type B gastritis) chronic active gastritis, or has, as in most cases, bacteria increases, may result in hypo-achlorhydria, I will be reduced or even. Gastrin stimulates the production of stomach acid by the parietal cells. In order to increase the gastrin H. pylori colonization responses acid increased, may mucosa for, which contributes to a reduction in ulcer formation. The study ulcer various Third World countries, despite the high price pylori colonization N. display nutritional factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Another important reason is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Be protected from gastric acid by a layer of mucus secretion is stimulated gastric mucosa, by prostaglandin specific. NSAID blocks the function which is essential for the production of prostaglandins these cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Inhibit importance in the gastric mucosa is reduced which is on a priority basis (such as withdrawn rofecoxib or celecoxib), halve the risk of NSAID-related gastric ulcer abbreviation, the COX-2 COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory agents.

The incidence of duodenal ulcers decreased significantly over the past 30 years, the incidence of gastric ulcer showed a slight increase caused by the spread of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mainly. I considered regardless of the decrease in frequency, progress of treatment of this disease, and is a group occurs. Cohort phenomenon, H. pylori reduces the incidence of infection H. perhaps, be explained by the improvement in living standards.

In some studies, and found a correlation between ulceration and smoke, but the search risks are more specific, unless it is associated with infection with H. pylori, others by itself Smoking has been found that it may not be a lot of risk factors. Some of the risk factors that have been proposed as a spice consumption and diet, it is assumed to (help the cause ulcers) ulcerogens up to the end of the 20th century, but the development of peptic ulcer is less important relatively shown are. Further, coffee and caffeine believed ulcers may occur generally worsen, can affect the ulcer significantly not known. Increasing the risks associated with H. pylori infection has been shown that the consumption of alcohol, but does not appear to independently increase the risk, similar study is a case coupled with H. pylori infection also, modest increase factor is related to the main risk.

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In addition, fatty liver, is a reversible state accumulation in liver cells through a process of (ie abnormal retention of lipids within a cell) fat large vacuoles of triglyceride fat also known as fatty liver. There are several reasons, but fatty liver disease can be, and those with alcohol intake excessive, in people who are overweight, is regarded as a disease that occurs worldwide. Conditions associated with other diseases that affect the metabolism of fat. The morphological, it is possible to distinguish alcohol from non-alcoholic FLD is difficult, shows the large droplet fatty change and microvesicles in various stages. The accumulation of fat, it is called steatohepatitis, may be accompanied by inflammation progressive liver (hepatitis). In consideration of the contribution of alcohol, fatty liver disease, will be defined as a serious form of alcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic or fatty liver, from such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis possible.

Cytoplasmic accumulation of triglyceride fatty change is a (neutral fat). Small fat vacuoles around the nucleus (liposomes) (microvesicles fatty change) is present in the beginning of the liver cells. At this stage, the liver cells are filled with lipid droplets multiple non-substituted nuclei located at the center. Characteristic ring shape at the end of the step size as (large droplet fatty change), press the core to the outer periphery of the cell, to increase the vacuole. To dissolve during processing of the tissue, these vesicles are “empty” and optically well-delineated fat. it is possible to combine to large vacuoles generates fat cyst is irreversible damage. Is the most common form, large droplet steatosis, normally associated, alcohol, diabetes, obesity, and a corticosteroid. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and Reye’s syndrome is an example of a serious liver disease caused by microvesicles fatty change. Diagnosis of fatty acids consists fat in the liver exceeds 5 to 10 wt%.

Result of lipid accumulation might be as a result of peripheral resistance to insulin, such as transportation, such as, but are responsible defect of fatty acid metabolism imbalance, or, that Ji Kara raw and combustion energy consumption, the pathogenesis of FLD ,, fatty acids to the liver is increased from adipose tissue. I suspect damage or inhibition of the receptor molecules that control the enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, and to contribute to the accumulation of fat and oxidation. In addition, alcoholism, damaging the cellular structure of the mitochondria and other distortion further cellular energy mechanism is known. On the other hand, soft FLD may be initiated by an excess of non-metabolizable energy in cells of the liver. The root cause, it is considered fatty liver and the nonprogressive some extent reversible when it is reduced or eliminated.

Fatty liver of severe is accompanied by inflammation sometimes, the situation is called steatohepatitis. Advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or (ASH) alcoholic steatohepatitis to (NASH) is dependent on the duration and severity of inciting cause. Pathological lesions of both conditions are similar. However, the degree of inflammatory response varies widely and does not correlate with the degree of fat accumulation times. Successive stages beginning of steatohepatitis (and retention of lipid) fats may represent the progress of the FLD.

Liver disease progresses to a more serious form of the disease that it is a wide range of high-fat and inflammation in many cases. Ballooning varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis and presents at this stage often. Hepatic cell death, and inflammatory responses, leading to the activation of stellate cells play an important role in liver fibrosis. The degree of fibrosis can vary greatly. In adults, especially, are the most common, perisinusoidal fibrosis, the predominant end 3 peripheral vein liver.  Depending on the degree of steatohepatitis and amount of fat and many other factors, cirrhosis, may be affected by sensitivity. In alcohol FLD, the transition to cirrhosis related to alcohol use continued were well documented, but the process involved in alcohol FLD, is less clear.

Most people are asymptomatic, can be found independently of the liver disease or, stumbled across an abnormal liver function tests because usually. Liver biochemistry and rose are found in 50% of patients with simple fats. Serum alanine transaminase levels are higher in general than the level in the reverse FLD with alcohol and soft form of aspartate transaminase. In many cases, imaging studies are obtained in the evaluation process. In the ultrasonic inspection, to clarify with the echogenicity with increased the “bright” liver. May be useful for the diagnosis of fatty liver Medical Imaging, it appears brighter T1 magnetic resonance imaging in (MRI), fatty liver, has a lower density than spleen or fat computed tomography (CT). However, no medical image can not be distinguished from simple fatty liver advanced NASH. When you evaluate the gravity, histological evidence of liver biopsy is required when it is displayed.

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The liver, an important organ in animals and some other vertebrates are present. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio-chemical and necessary for digestion. It can be used in the short term new technologies liver dialysis, a method of compensating required for survival, the lack of long-term liver function, there is currently no liver. It plays an important role in metabolism, glycogen storage, disintegration of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and the body has a number of functions in the body, including detoxification. It is located below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces alkaline compound to help digestion by emulsifying bile, the lipid. Many of them, small is necessary for the normal function of life, organization highly specialized liver is to regulate a wide range of mass biochemical reactions such as decomposition and synthesis of complex molecules.

The liver is a reddish brown organ with four leaf shape and unequal size. Human liver, has soft weight and 1.44 to 1.66 kg of normal (3.2 to 3.7 kg), brown tinged with pink, the organ of the triangle. (Skin is the largest organ overall) and the internal organs of the maximum, this is the largest gland in the human body. It just resting on the diaphragm below, I am located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. Liver is located to overlap gallbladder and right stomach. Is connected to the large vessels of the two, it is called what’s called portal vein and hepatic artery one. Not only the entire intestinal tract, whereas carry blood containing the nutrients absorbed from the pancreas and spleen, hepatic artery carries blood from the aorta to the portal vein. These vessels subdivided into capillaries lead to small leaves then. Each lobule is made up liver cells, which is the main metabolic cages, with several million people. Unit is the functional unit of the liver.

Long-term bile duct was prepared from the woody branches biliary. Is collected in the merge bile canaliculi to form a bile duct bile produced by the liver. In the liver, ducts are called (in the liver) bile duct liver, they are considered to be (outside the liver) liver once, and then exit the liver. The merged to form the hepatic duct common Finally, intrahepatic duct discharging to the left and right hepatic duct. Cystic duct from the gallbladder joins the liver of common duct to form the common bile duct. The duodenum and through stored in gallbladder temporarily through the cystic duct or bile duct or bile duct directly. Pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the second part of the duodenum in the ampoule along the Vater.

when viewed from the top surface, raditional gross anatomy, divided the liver parts of two (left and right), but it is divided into four parts visceral surface has made the tail lobes square there if. A link that curved looks (front side) front of the liver. This separates the anatomical right leaf anatomy and the left liver lobe. If you turned to look at it from the liver (visceral surface) below, there is a partition of two additional between the left and right. Tail lobe and (high) square leaf These are (bottom).

Determine visceral surface functional anatomy, how to organize the liver. Imaginary line that runs the gallbladder split in half and all the way to the inferior vena cava from the left you should see one. This line is called the line-scan her. This line divides the liver to the left and right. (Ligament of Aranshio) venous ligament such as round ligament (ligament teres), anatomical and other characteristics, are still separated on the left side of the liver sections of two more. Now, an important anatomical landmark, horizontal slit of the liver, separates this part of the left segment of the four numbers starting from the tail lobule as well as the anti-clock mode is attached, of the liver. Eight segment will only be seen top view, from this point of view, we can see the 7 segment of the internal organs. It is composed of units of each of the lobes, is then run from binding around the hepatic veins to carry the blood from the liver vein.

Is a result of chronic liver disease characterized leads to loss cirrhosis, liver function, by substitution of (mass occurs as a result of the process for reproducing the damaged tissue) regenerative nodule fibrosis of the liver tissue, and connective tissue. Cirrhosis is caused by fatty liver disease and hepatitis C alcoholism, hepatitis B and most commonly, the cause of many other have been considered. In some cases, it is idiopathic. Ascites (intraperitoneal fluid retention) is the most common complication of cirrhosis and is associated with increased risk of poor long-term outcome poor quality of life, and infection. Life-threatening complications potentially other is (confusion and coma) hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from esophageal varices. Cirrhosis is irreversible in general, treatment is focused on prevention of complications and proceed normally. In advanced stages of cirrhosis, the only option is a liver transplant.