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Muscle that functions as an important organ of the digestive tract, hollow, stomach is Bell digestive system in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, molluscs and insects. This is included in the decomposition stage of the second after chewing. It is located between the stomach, esophagus, small intestine. Before sending the food is partially digested in the small intestine, which secrete a strong acid and a protein-digesting enzyme called protease to aid digestion by distortion of the smooth muscle.

Bolus enters the stomach through the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter. Stomach and releases, the hydrochloric acid to provide the acidic pH of two for the protease to work, the inhibition or kill bacteria and (protein digesting enzymes such as pepsin, for example) protease. Engagement with the food is called a peristaltic through the stomach wall to the contraction of the muscle – as a tablet, before the loop, to reduce the volume of the bottom, you will chyme around the body of the stomach and bottom. Through the pyloric sphincter slowly, extraction of nutrients begins, chyme passes into the duodenum of the small intestine. Depending on the content and amount of food, 40 minutes, where chyme between several hours stomach will digest food. Stomach of the average person will be able to hold about 1 liter food easily. Gastric juice in the stomach also contains the prorennin and pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates a prodrug of these enzymes in the form of active renin and pepsin is (protease). Renin, breaks the milk protein casein caesinogen thus condensation of milk. Pepsin, degrade protein polypeptides.

And is disposed between the (first part of the small intestine) and duodenum gastroesophageal. This is the left upper abdomen. Is the upper portion of the stomach of the diaphragm. Pancreas is located behind the stomach. Omentum hangs down from the greater curvature. Sphincter of two, to keep the contents of the stomach is included. Path of the stomach, esophagus sphincter separating them (as opposed to the discovery of a heart, anatomical sphincter) and isolation pyloric sphincter from the small intestine. Stomach to split (network of blood vessels and nerves in front of the stomach is very low and myenteric back, and celiac disease) to adjust both the locomotor activity and muscle activity of secretion of sympathetic and parasympathetic, is surrounded by. In adults, stomach relaxed about 45-75 ml, I have a volume of air in the vicinity. Since this is an elastic body, usually expanded to accommodate about one food, it can be retained as 2-3 liters equally. Baby stomach of human newborn will be able to hold about 30ml.

The lower right gastric artery, and offers a heart region, lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by a higher left gastric artery. Greater curvature is provided advantageously from the left gastroepiploic artery and right gastroepiploic artery downward. The bottom of the upper portion of the greater curvature and the stomach, and is supplied from the short gastric artery resulting from splenic artery. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in a viable cell proliferation and differentiation. As seen in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid, EGF Although a low molecular weight, which is purified from mouse submandibular gland first polypeptide thereafter. Saliva EGF seems regulations inorganic iodine nutrition also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of tissue integrity of the stomach and esophagus Oro. Suppression stomach and esophagus treatment of stomatitis, of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and biological effects of salivary EGF is, of intraluminal mucosal damage physical gastric acid, bile acid, pepsin, and trypsin, and chemical etc. includes protection from factors, antimicrobial agent.

It varies greatly among vertebrates of different sizes and exact shape of the stomach, but the relative position of the duodenum and openings esophagus remains relatively constant. Result of the body, in front of the answer pyloric sphincter a little, and curve bending back from the left always. However, stomach, esophagus opens directly into the intestine at all bony fish some lampreys, hagfishes, chimeric, and lungfishes,. These animals will consume a meal that requires no pre-digestion or food storage and little or gastric juice or both, all.

Gastric mucosa is divided into front portion facing the rear usually, the two regions, and pyloric glands and fundic gland. Glands of the heart is unique to mammals, they are not present in many species thereafter. Unlike among species, the distribution of these glands do not correspond to the same region as people always. In addition, the front of the glandular stomach of the heart, non-human mammals, many lined with epithelium is essentially identical to that of the esophagus. In particular, ruminants have a complex stomach, three chambers of the first of its all covered with the lining of the esophagus. Crocodiles and birds, the stomach is divided into two areas. Priority is connected gland area, along with fundic gland of narrow tubular, the stomach of true culture. Factory of powerful muscle, along with pyloric gland is located beyond, digest food is useful in some species, including the stone animal consumes.

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Gastric cancer and gastric cancer, refers to cancer arising from any part of the stomach. The gastric cancer, about 80 million people and cause of death in the year all over the world. Most patients, the prognosis, such as exhibiting a high degree of disease, poor (15% from <5 5-year survival rate). Or is (produced without noticeable symptoms) or often asymptomatic, as well as symptoms is not a gastric cancer only (specific symptoms of non-specific only, stomach cancer, disease or irrelevant, other related in the first stage for) there is a possibility. By the time symptoms appear, cancer is the main cause (of the body, spreading remote, in part possibly other) has reached the stage to advanced also often (see below), and may transition relatively poor prognosis. The stomach cancer, may lead to signs and symptoms of the following.

The most gastric cancer by Helicobacter pylori infection. This is why proven, but some foods such as pickles smoked food like this, and meat, and salted fish, nutritional factors that are associated with high risk. Nitrite and nitrate can be a compound which can cause stomach cancer in animals has been discovered, by certain bacteria, including H. pylori, is turned on in sausage. On the other hand, and, it is recommended to eat fresh fruits and vegetables that contain antioxidant vitamins, such as A and B to the American Cancer Society, they Mediterranean diet and, say, reduce the risk of cancer of the stomach, stomach and is associated with lower levels of cancer. Smoking increases the risk of developing gastric cancer significantly by in order to increase 82% for heavy smokers, risk 40% of current smokers is increased. In some studies, the esophagus has shown an increased risk of alcohol as well, gastric cancer caused by smoking occurs in the upper portion of the stomach mostly.

Other factors that are associated with increased risk is the genetic factors (hyperplasia, stomach hypersecretion), intestinal metaplasia, and autoimmune atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, Alzheimer Menetrier minutes. H. pylori is the main risk factor of 80% from 65 of cancer of the stomach, but only 2% of such infections. Pylori-induced mechanism of stomach by H. involves the virulence factors of action pylori or chronic inflammation of the H. CagA potentially. About 10% of patients showed a genetic component. Causal relationship has not been established, but several studies have correlated shows the spores of the consumption bracken, the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Gastric cancer, shows the male-dominated its incidence up to three men that are affected for all women. Estrogen, you may want to protect women from the development of this cancer form. A small percentage is believed to be a gene (forward references histopathology) very diffuse type gastric cancer. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, have been identified (HDGC) recently, research is in progress. However, treatment options and genetic testing is available for families at risk now. The International Cancer Genome Consortium effort to complete the genome map of gastric cancer.

Gastric adenocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor arising from glandular epithelium of the gastric mucosa. Mainly adenocarcinoma stomach cancer is a (90%). Diffuse or intestinal Type: Histologically, there is a (Lauren classification) main types of gastric adenocarcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma, for muscularis mucosa, the submucosa, there is a tendency to invade the gastric wall penetration of specific muscle layer actively. Tumor cells in the intestinal adenocarcinoma describes holding lumen pluristratification, multiple, irregular tubular structure, the stroma was reduced (the side of the “parallel”). In many cases, it is associated with intestinal metaplasia in the mucosa adjacent. Depending on the mucosecretion and polymorphic gland architecture, cell, be presented three times of differentiation can be adenocarcinoma: well, moderate and poorly differentiated. Is mucus (mucus, colloid, linitis plastic, leather bottle stomach) tumor cells come in the production of a large group and stromal discohesive, of (space of “empty” optically) mucus / colloid diffuse type adenocarcinoma. It is well distinguished. The fluid, if left in the tumor cells, which pushes the core towards “signet ring cell”, the outer periphery.

Cancer cells, is that when it is detected in a tissue sample, the next step is performed, or to grasp the extent of the disease. In various tests, it is determined cancer whether the spread, and if so, which parts of the body are affected. Gastric cancer is possible to order the tests or other tests, CT scans, PET, of the ultrasound endoscope in order to be able to spread to other organs liver, pancreas and near the stomach, doctor lung checks These areas. For example, blood tests for tumor markers carbohydrate antigen carcinoembryonic antigen and (CEA), such as (CA) may, extent of metastasis in the liver, and is disposed as a level of correlation and their cure rate in particular. Staging may not be complete until after surgery. Nearby lymph nodes, the surgeon removes the tissue samples possibly from other parts of the abdomen for examination by a pathologist.

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Malignant melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. The melanocytes, dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. These cells occurs primarily not only the skin, including (see uveal melanoma) and colon eye, in other parts of the body. Melanoma, can be generated from any part of the body that melanin is included. Melanoma is rare compared to other forms of skin cancer. If it is previously established, it is very dangerous. This causes the majority of deaths related to skin cancer (75%). Worldwide, doctors diagnose about new cases of melanoma each year 160 000. In women, the most common site is the melanoma and legs in men have returned to most often. This is particularly common among Northern Europeans living in good climate Caucasian, especially sunny. Sicily and paradoxical decrease in the south and Italy, and has a high incidence Oceania, North America, Europe, South Africa, in Latin America. This geographical pattern, mating and pigmentation of the skin in the amount of population. According reflect the WHO report (UV) exposure ultraviolet light, about 48 000 people associated with melanoma death, the main reason is, all over the world every year will occur

Treatment includes surgical removal of the tumor. Compact, it is thin still if it is completely removed, the possibility of healing between melanoma lung, if found previously. Possibility of spread melanoma or return is dependent on the deep it is in or enters the layer of the skin. Melanoma, radiation therapy and immunotherapy and chemotherapy is included in distribution treatment or come back.

Valuable many mutations that are run in families, increasing susceptibility to melanoma remarkably often known. Other genes some are identified as increased risk of developing melanoma. Rare some genes cause melanoma, a relatively high risk, several genes in common, a gene called MC1R for example caused the red hair, have a relatively low risk is high. Genetic testing may be used to determine whether any of the mutations In currently known. One class of mutations affects the gene CDKN2A. Alternative reading frame mutation in this gene results in 50% of human cancers and transcription factors involved destabilization of p53, in apoptosis.

CDK4, another mutation of the same gene result in non-functional inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase that promotes cell division. Causing mutations predispose one to melanoma skin seriously xeroderma pigmentosum also (XP). The scattered throughout the genome, these mutations reduce the ability of cells to repair DNA. (Which means that the possibility of a person having a mutation to express a phenotype much higher) highly mutations and CDKN2A XP is expressed. The familial melanoma, is a genetically heterogeneous, locus for familial melanoma can be found in the 12Q chromosome arm 1P, and 9P. Genetic multiple events associated with the (development of disease) pathogenesis of melanoma.

(CDKN2A/MTS1) gene encodes a tumor suppressor p16INK4a one multiple – protein inhibitor of low molecular weight cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK s) – which is localized in the region of p21 of human chromosome 9 . It provides less risk of other mutations, but it is more popular in the population. For example, 2 to 4 times a person with a mutation in the gene MC1R Foliage, two genes (usually intact form), likely to develop melanoma as compared to the wild-type copy is high. MC1R mutations are very common, but in fact, all people with red hair have a mutated copy of the gene. Mutations in the MDM2 SNP309 gene is associated with an increased risk of melanoma in young women.

The early stages of melanoma, is initiated when the melanocytes begin to grow out of control. Melanocytes are located between the skin and the (skin) the outer layers of the next layer and (dermis). The early stages of the disease, is less than 1mm is called the period of growth in the radial direction of the tumor. Due to the fact that cancer cells, that does not reach the blood vessels under the skin, these early cancer spreads to other parts of the body is very low. If it is detected at this stage, melanoma, can be removed completely by surgery normally. When the tumor cells start moving in the direction of a different behavior of cellular changes dramatically – in the papillary dermis and epidermis vertically.

But the next step in the evolution is a confusing invasive radial growth phase, the words, I will explain about the next step in the process of growth of radial individual cells start to acquire invasive potential it. This step is important – can be diffused into the melanoma from the moment this. Breslow depth of the lesion is usually less than 2 1mm (0.04 inches), the Clark level in general. Vertical growth phase (VGP) – The next step in the process, it is melanoma invasive. Tumor reaches the invasive ability, which means that it can be converted into tissue surrounding it, and spread around the body through the blood and lymphatic vessels. Typically 1 mm thickness of the tumor is in (0.04 inches) or more, tumor contains a deep part of the dermis.

The host, induces an immune response against (VGP times) tumors defined by the active presence and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (the TIL). These cells are destroying the primary tumor completely at times, this is called a regression in the later stages of melanoma development. In some cases, the primary tumor is completely destroyed, only metastatic tumor is detected. About 40% of human melanoma comprising activating mutations combined signal affect the structure of proteins obtained by the B-Raf rough MAP kinase pathway.

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Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from the ovary. Symptoms at an early stage, in many cases, is a very subtle, include: You can frequent urination bloating, pelvic pain, a difficult meal, be confused with other diseases easily. , It is believed that (90%) were classified as “epithelial”, ovarian cancer most to originate from the surface of the ovary (epithelium). However, the fallopian tubes, some evidence suggests that the cause of ovarian cancer in some. It is believed tubes and ovaries, and may be as closely related to each other, uterine cancer cells they mimic ovarian cancer. I may result from the support or cells (germ cell tumor) egg cells of other types. Ovarian cancer were included in the scope of gynecological cancer.

The signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer, often missing from the beginning of the day, when present, it may be subtle. They are recognized, before being diagnosed, in most cases, symptoms persist for several months. Typical symptoms most, pain bloating, pelvic or abdominal, eat hard, there are symptoms of urine perhaps. These symptoms should be taken into account time of 12 or more each month if you have started to appear recently. The output of the other, as well as nonspecific symptoms of many other abdominal mass, low back pain, constipation, and fatigue, symptoms more specific, such as involuntary weight loss and bleeding from abnormal vagina contains You. Do not have any (ascites) accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. (And is associated with 23 times) (higher risk 9.8-fold) family history age, ovarian cancer, anemia (2.3 times), abdominal pain (7 times) fullness best, rectal bleeding ovarian cancer, (twice), postmenopausal bleeding (6.6 times), anorexia (5.2 times), weight loss (2 times).

Oral contraceptives in combination is a protection factor. In the first pregnancy, childhood, that the pregnancy of the last, use age of low-dose hormonal contraceptive also has a protective effect has been shown. The oviduct of their risk is also low (tubal ligation) woman blocked surgically. Test data shows that, to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer feeding.

Birth control pills and the relationship between the use of ovarian cancer, is shown in the summary of the results of future research and 45 control cases. Taken together, these studies show a protective effect for ovarian cancer. You can use the birth control pills for 10 years, women are reduced by approximately 60% risk of ovarian cancer. (Hazard ratio 0.42, confidence interval statistically significant unexpectedly is not a large size of the study). If it is an oral contraceptive for 10 years, which means that it is possible to prevent one ovarian cancer for women 250. (20 more than 45 test, and ovarian cancer, and control of about 80 000, 000) This is the epidemiology largest study so far on this issue.

Hormone that controls secretion of the reproductive cycle and egg contains ovaries. Amount of progesterone and estrogen decreases the systemic circulation quite the removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes. This can be used to require a growth hormone of these, to stop or slow down the cancer ovarian cancer, and breast cancer.
In connection with the use of fertility drugs such as clomiphene citrate, I’m controversial. Analysis of the 1991, the use of drugs may increase the risk for ovarian cancer it. Without showing conclusive evidence for such a link, case-control studies and cohort Several studies have been carried out since then. To be different in parity from a population “normal” infertility population, it will remain a complex topic for research.

It before it is good evidence that genetic factors are important in some women. Carrier of BRCA mutations in particular are at risk in particular. The (Jewish women for example) 5% of a particular group of -13% and ovarian cancer and BRCA2 genes BRCA1, in many cases, at an early age than the general population, a high risk of breast cancer, and has been an ovarian cancer . In particular, there may be an increased risk if you have been diagnosed at an early age, and patients with a family history of ovarian cancer and / or breast cancer or personal history of breast cancer, for the “cancer gene” There must be tested.

In the United States, 10-20% of women with ovarian cancer is the second degree or first for ovarian cancer or breast cancer. One mutation sensitivity breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 gene of two breast cancer susceptibility and 2 (BRCA1) gene (BRCA2) is 15, which can direct the life risk of risk of ovarian cancer and cancer of 60-85% of breast life of ~ 40%. However, mutations in these genes is a percent to 3-2 only of breast cancer.

The onset of ovarian cancer may indicate the presence of a syndrome known as (also known as Lynch syndrome also HNPCC,) hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer leading to strong family history of gastrointestinal cancer and other uterine cancer, or colon cancer, risk to be high. Patients with strong genetic risk for ovarian cancer, prophylactic oophorectomy surgical resection of ovarian after completion of childbearing age can be considered prophylactic, use of other words. When exposed to a high risk, greatly prophylactic oophorectomy reduces the probability of developing breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. They also because it has an increased risk of fallopian tube cancer, typically, at the same time having a fallopian tube, women with BRCA mutations, was removed by (salpingo-oophorectomy).

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Is sometimes referred to as cancer of the larynx or laryngeal cancer laryngeal cancer. Reflection of squamous cell origin that make up the majority of the laryngeal epithelium, larynx most tumors are squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer can develop in any part of the larynx, but the treatment is affected by the location of the tumor. ; (Commissure of the true vocal cords back, and front) glottis subglottic (epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold and arytenoid, false code), and supraglottic: for the purpose of staging of the tumor, larynx anatomical region of three It is divided into. Laryngeal cancer most is derived from the glottis. Cancer is less common supraglottic, subglottic tumors are the most common. Laryngeal cancer will be able to through the bloodstream and spread by direct extension of the structure adjacent to the cervical spine metastasis in remote and regional lymph nodes. Long metastates to the lungs are the most common.

Smoking is the most important risk factor for cancer of the larynx. The deaths from laryngeal cancer, the possibility of 20 times I’m a heavy smoker – is higher than non-smokers. It is important severe chronic use of alcohol, also alcohol spirits, in particular. When combined, it appears that these two factors to have a synergistic effect. There is a potential risk factor that is enclosed in quotation marks some other, in part, be related to smoking and alcohol for a long time. The more than 55 years, These include gender low socioeconomic status, male, and age.

People with a history of head and neck cancer are known risk of development of second cancers of the lung and head and neck is high (25%). This is the main reason why are exposed to carcinogenic chronic effects of alcohol and tobacco is a significant portion of the lung epithelium and aerodigestive tract of these patients. If the epithelial tissue is to diffuse dysplasia and decrease the threshold malignant change, in such a situation, there is a possibility that the effect of changing the field occurs. This risk can be reduced by killing the alcohol and tobacco.

Diagnosis is made by a physician on the basis of investigation special medical history, and physical examination, may include a biopsy tissue chest X-ray, and MRI scan or CT. May referral to a specialist may be required examination of the voice box, and requires some expertise.

Exact tests require a systematic examination of the patient whole to look for signs of metastatic conditions and to assess the general state of health, they are associated with. Supraclavicular and neck are palpated to feel for crackles larynx cervical lymphadenopathy, and the masses, well. Has been tested under direct vision the pharynx and oral cavity. (As a mirror of the dentist) long handle, larynx, can be examined by indirect laryngoscopy with mirrors small rectangular strong light. Indirect laryngoscopy can be a very effective, but it requires skills and experience to get the permanent results. When using a flexible endoscope is a thin, inserted through the nostril to visualize the larynx and pharynx whole Clearly this reason, professional clinics many uses fiber optic nasal endoscope already are. Nasal endoscopy is carried out in the clinic, it is quick and easy steps. It is possible to use a local anesthetic spray.

If there is a suspicion of cancer, biopsy is generally performed under general anesthesia. It offers a histological evidence of category and type of cancer. If it is well localized lesion is small, you may want to take the excisional biopsy to be done to attempt to remove the tumor biopsy first fully surgeon. In this situation, but also does not allow pathologists to confirm the diagnosis only, that is, whether the tumor has been removed or completely there comment on the completeness of resection. In many cases, complete endoscopy of the esophagus larynx, and trachea, which is executed biopsy.

Further imaging for small glottic tumors may not be necessary. In most cases, a tumor of the suspension is completed by scanning the head and neck region to assess the local extent of cervical lymph nodes were enlarged pathological and all tumors. The management plan final, depends on the tissue type (tumor size, extent of lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis), and site stage. It is necessary to consider the desired and patient global health. It is potentially useful for the differentiation of laryngeal cancer in high-risk or low recurrence is shown, multigene prognostic classifier is able to influence the selection of future therapies.

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The colon is the last part of the digestive system of vertebrates most. If you want to until it is eliminated from the body, to absorb water and salt from solid waste, they will occur where it is using the fermentation of unused material (mainly bacteria) plant. In contrast to the small intestine, colon, does not play an important role in the absorption of nutrients and food. However, large intestine does not absorb some fat-soluble vitamins water, and sodium. (Proximal colon refers to the transverse colon and ascending colon in general) S-shaped colon ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon: In mammals, the colon, has four sections. Anal canal colon, rectum and the cecum, colon before.

And behind it in the retroperitoneum or (intraperitoneal) and the location of the abdominal portion of the large intestine. They are to be secured to the village in general, retroperitoneal organ does not have full coverage of the peritoneum. Surrounded by the peritoneum completely organs in the abdominal cavity, and is therefore mobile. Rectal colon, ascending colon, and descending colon are intraperitoneal S-shaped colon cecum, appendix, and transverse colon, peritoneum. Because it affects the organs that can operations such as laparotomy such easy access to the inside, which is important. the colon of haustra colon, there is a small bag that is caused by vesicle formation give the appearance that segmented the. F. tapeworm runs the length of the colon. E. tapeworm because it is shorter than the small intestine, colon Nari has a tapeworm haustra formation between vesicles.

Arterial supply of the large intestine comes from the low branch mesenteric artery (IMA) superior mesenteric artery and (SMA). Flow between the two systems communicate via the “arterial limit” is parallel to the large intestine for its entire length. Able Historically, it is a variable vessel connecting the proximal SMA meandering mesenteric artery (of Witz), the proximal IMA arc or if Riolan that blocked the other hand, is that it is very important . However are considered, a recent study made in imaging technologies are improved, it has questioned the existence of the ship, some experts, for the removal of conditions from the medical literature future I’m called on.

Affects the mesenteric vein over to connect the spleen to form veins lower hepatic portal vein poured into splenic vein usually arteries large and mesenteric veins, after venous drainage, liver it I go into. Lymphatic drainage of two thirds proximal rectum and the entire colon is, then the flow of para-aortic lymph nodes, the tank chyli. Rectum and anus of the other lymph is, you can either follow the same route, and to drain the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and internal iliac. Only rough, comb line marks this transition.

It is from colon (large intestine from the end of the spleen) transverse colon, liver, spleen bending deflection. The connection will hang it by the broad band of tissue called the omentum transverse colon, stomach. And is attached to the rear portion of the mesentery of the abdominal wall is known as the transverse ligament on the rear side of the transverse colon. Coated in the peritoneum, therefore it, (not part of the colon just before and after) the transverse colon are mobile phones. To form the stool more generally, cancer forms, called (water removed) and colonic content becomes stronger.
Two thirds close to the transverse colon, the third of the latter, is flooded downtown artery colic branch of the SMA while it is supplied by a branch of the IMA. “Turning point” between the blood supply of these two, is an area sensitive to ischemia represents the embryologic division between the hindgut and midgut.

there is a difference in the large intestine of organisms between different. To maintain the water balance, and is mainly responsible for storage of waste landfill water, absorb some vitamins such as vitamin C, using between fermentation.By the chyme, colon, vegetation By providing a space for, reaches this tube, 90% of the water and most of the nutrients are absorbed into the body. At this stage, for example, sodium, magnesium, chloride and as part of the electrolyte (e.g. indigestible portion, amylose starch that is protected from the dietary fiber is significantly digestible carbohydrate digestion and the large left and eating food insoluble or soluble form or part). When the colon through chyme movement, most of the water remaining is removed, mixed with (known as intestinal flora) and slime bacteria porridge, it is converted to feces. Ascending colon preparation of fecal material in the form of a liquid.

Then, move the muscles of the colon, forward aqueous waste, to absorb the excess water all gradually. Feces was solidified slowly to move along the descending colon them. In order to decompose a portion of the fibers to feed its own, and supplies in turn, as waste that is used in the lining cells of the colon, the bacteria will create propionic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid. No protein is not provided. In humans, in other animals, including primates and other monkeys with columns 10% larger undigested carbohydrates in proportion thereby probably become available, it is provided that allows a large part of the plant material in the manner more diet that is. Is an example of a symbiotic relationship, which provides about one hundred calories per day for the body. The colon and does not produce digestive enzymes – chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. PH in the colon varies between 7 and 5.5 (neutral weakly acidic).

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In addition, in colon cancer known as cancer or colon cancer of the colon, cancer, are in addition to uncontrolled growth of cells in the colon or rectum or is (colon). The genetic analysis of colorectal tumor essentially, the same genetically, indicating that it is a cancer. Typically, symptoms of colorectal cancer, would include rectal bleeding that is associated with changes in bowel habits and weight loss, sometimes anemia.

As a fraction of the cases hereditary disease underlying are involved, colon most cancers can be attributed to age and lifestyle. Usually begins in the intestinal mucosa, and if not treated, the lower, which in turn can be converted into the muscular layer through the intestinal wall. Screening and is effective in reducing the risk of death from colon cancer, it is recommended starting at age 50, people will continue until 75 years old. Usually, colon cancer, which is localized be diagnosed by colonoscopy or S-shaped colonoscopy.

Cancer in the wall of the intestine, while the cancer has spread widely in the body, curing is not cured typically often surgically, control, attention to the durability of the human using chemotherapy then , I have improved the quality of life. Colorectal cancer is a cancer that is most frequently diagnosed in the three largest in the world, but the developed countries is common it. About 60% of cases are diagnosed in developed countries. It is estimated that that all over the world in 2008, new cases of 1.23 million of colon cancer will be diagnosed clinically, it killed 608 million people.

As a consequence of mutations in that Wnt signaling pathway to increase the signaling activity artificially most commonly, colon cancer is a disease derived from epithelial cells in the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract. Mutations can be acquired or inherited, to generate stem cells in intestinal crypts most likely. Mutant gene is the APC to produce APC protein most often in colon cancer gene of all. Β-catenin, without APC, and accumulated to a high level “brake” on the accumulation of β-catenin protein in the nucleus moved to (drive), APC protein is important in general to update the system and binds DNA Sometimes, expressing cell differentiation, can lead to cancer at a higher level improperly When you activate the transcription of a gene is. Blocking mutations of other genes, or decomposition thereof having a function of similarity between that is mutated in the majority of certain types of cancer, colon cancer, cancer, APC is, mutations due to (CTNNB1) β-catenin NKD1 or, AXIN2, TCF7L2, ADR as AXIN1 that β-catenin is increasing.

Beyond the defects in Wnt signaling-APC-β-catenin signaling pathway, must be performed to convert the cancer cells other mutations. The monitor cell division usually, if there is defect in Wnt pathway thereof, P53 protein production differences, kill cells by TP53 gene. Finally, the cell line, we get the organization turns TP53 mutations and gene from adenoma to invasive cancer. (Sometimes, mutations, does not have a protective another protein named BAX is p53 gene coding), apoptotic protein disabling other, removed in (colorectal cancer and DCC TGF-β in colon cancer in general are). TGF-β has a mutation that inactivated at least half of the colon cancer. Sometimes, when TGF-β is not excluded, in many cases, a protein called Smad DCC followed is to remove chromosomal segments in colorectal cancer.

Several genes is a cancer gene – They are over-expressed in colon cancer. For example, a protein gene encodes, usually, PI3K KRAS, and RAF may acquire a mutation that results in the activation of cell proliferation and stimulates cells to divide in response to growth factors. General primary KRAS mutations lead to borderline lesion or self-limiting hyperplasia, chronological order of mutations is important sometimes, if it occurs APC mutation after the previous, in many cases, to progress to cancer. PTEN, tumor suppression, can usually inhibits the PI3K, disabling and sometimes mutations.

I made it clear that colon cancer is ultra-mutation, comprehensive analysis, genome-wide can be separated clearly in tumor types not super mutation. In addition to the above inactivating mutation for the gene that contains a super-mutation and ARID1A, SOX9, ATM CTNNB1, FAM123B mutations also sample and oncogenes. Genetic event that displays a mutant of BRAF and, TGFBR2, MSH3, MSH6, SLC9A9, TCF7L2 ACVR2A, progression through a separate set of super-mutant tumor. The common theme in both types of tumors among these genes, it is the participation of the major factor TGF-β signaling pathway and WNT lead to increased activity of MYC in order, of colon cancer.

Usually, to go the S-shaped colonoscopy colonoscopy during, or diagnosis of colon cancer is through a biopsy of tumor that depends on the site of the lesion. Then, the degree of disease is determined by a CT scan of the chest pelvis, abdomen and typically. It can be used in certain cases, for example, a test image other potential such as MRI and PET. Suspension colon is one which has been made below, when based on the TNM system is determined by how much the primary tumor has spread, lymph nodes are included, how much and whether and metastasized.

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In the normal lung, I have the other one lung, the left side of the chest two lungs, the right side of the chest. Each lung contains a section called leaf. In the lung, and are protected from the chest and soft. To bring the oxygen in the body, object of the lung, and remove carbon dioxide. While oxygen of “exhaust” of the body and waste, carbon dioxide is a gas that gives our energy.

For his lungs, to protect themselves from irritants, there are a number of ways. to prevent large particles of pollutants from the fact that first, nose enters the lungs when you breathe, it acts as a filter. If the stimulus enters the lungs, it will fit in a thin layer of mucus (also called sputum or phlegm) that is inside the line of the trachea. Media 3 g mucus took out a tube of these mucous membranes of the respiratory every day. This mucus has been “swept” into the mouth of the small hair called the line breathing tube cilia. The cilia move mucus from the lungs to the neck of the epiglottis up. Epiglottis is a door opening fluid in order to be able to swallow. This happens without thinking about it us. As long as you do not have an infection or chronic bronchitis chest cold like this, such as exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia, the spitting phlegm, people does not occur not “normal”.

Defense mechanism of another lung has been the cough. It is a normal phenomenon, cough is the result of inflammation of the bronchial general case. I can cough to expel the mucus from the lungs faster than cilia.

At the end of the general method of lung is used to protect, can cause problems. Strip of muscle is lined to the airways of the lungs. If the lungs are irritated, these muscle groups, can be the lungs in an attempt to maintain the irritation, breathing tube is narrowed, then tighten. These muscles are called bronchial tightening rapidly. Lung some are very sensitive to stimulation. Because there is a potential to cause serious problems for people with COPD, that it will breathe airway narrowing is difficult, bronchi, is a serious problem for those with asthma often they.

In order to supply oxygen to the body, the air moves through the nose, mouth or both. It is the preferred route nose and is a better filter from the mouth. The added moisture in the air and heating (humidity), nose, reduce the amount of delivery to the lung irritation us while breathing. For a large amount of air is required, the nose, lungs, can therefore be used in the most effective way to obtain the distance to the mouth breathing. When breathing through the mouth, normal exercise is required.

After inserting the nose and mouth, the air moves downward “trachea” or trachea. Tracheal tube is located closest to the door. It is behind “food pipe” of the esophagus and trachea. You, when eating the movement of food through the esophagus when we were breathing air movement under the trachea. Take food and airway but food epiglottis to prevent from entering the trachea, is controlled by the neck. Occasionally, liquid food and is coughing and choking spasms, and as a result, it is possible to enter the trachea.

The trachea is divided into left and right breathing tube, they are called bronchi. Lead of the left bronchus leads to the right lung to the right bronchus and left lung. Tubes called respiratory bronchioles These continue to be divided into smaller tubes and more. The bronchi end in small air sacs called alveoli. Alveolar meaning “bundle” in the cluster as Italian are connected to a small breathing tube. There are alveoli of 3 million or more in a normal lung. If it is exposed flat alveoli open, covering an area of ​​a pair of tennis courts. And I have a lot to lose if the lung disease, damage caused by surgery or infection occurs alveoli of all, it is not used once.

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Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue. If allowed to stand, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called other parts of the body tissue or near transition. Most cancers that begin in the lungs, is a cancer that is known as primary lung cancer, arise from epithelial cells. Called small cell lung cancer and (SCLC) non-small cell lung cancer and oat cell carcinoma main types of lung cancer, is a (NSCLC). The most common symptom is a cough shortness of breath (including coughing up blood) and weight loss of breath.

The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure causing 80-90% of the lung to cigarette smoke. Accounts for 10-15% of lung cancer cases of non-smokers, these cases are due to a combination of genetic factors often, radon gas, including passive smoking, asbestos, air pollution,. Lung cancer can be seen computed tomography and chest X-ray photograph (CT) on. Diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy to be performed by the CT-oriented bronchial or generally. Long-term results and treatment as measured by performance status, step (release times), and the general condition of the individual, and I depends on the type of cancer.

The common treatment, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy is included. Usually, SCLC whereas respond well to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, NSCLC are treated sometimes, surgery. On average, 15% of people in the United States, has been diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after diagnosis. Globally, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, and is responsible for 1.38 million deaths per year from 2008.

If the cancer has grown into the airways, it is possible to interfere with the flow of air resulting in difficulty in breathing. There is a predisposition to pneumonia and lead to the accumulation of fluid in the closed stop behind. Depending on the type of cancer, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may attract the attention of the original disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include syndrome (SIADH) antidiuretic hormone inappropriate Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness, caused by autoantibodies), or hypercalcemia. Tumors of the upper part of the lung, known as Pancoast tumor, can invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system leading to damage to the brachial plexus and, (fall of small pupil on this side and lid) Horner’s syndrome . Many of the symptoms (loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) of lung cancer is not specific. In many people, when they see a doctor to have the symptoms, the cancer has spread beyond the original site they already. Brain, bone, adrenal glands, against lung, a common site of spread, including liver, pericardium, and kidney. About 10 percent of people with symptoms of lung cancer is not a diagnosis, and these cancers, are found at random routine chest X-ray film.

Instead of tobacco, especially smoking, is the most important factor for lung cancer. The smoke of tobacco, including a radioactive isotope from benzopyrene radon decay chain over the age of 60 known, and nitrosamines, carcinogens are included. Furthermore, it appears that nicotine and reduce the immune response against the cancer tissue which is exposed. In developed countries the whole, 90% of lung cancer deaths in men in 2000 is associated with a (70% for women) smoking. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases.

In passive smoking and non-smokers, inhalation of smoke from smoking causes lung cancer in someone else. Second-hand smoke, can be used to classify someone alive, like work with smokers. You are exposed to second-hand smoke on a consistent basis, research in the United States, Europe, the UK, from Australia, has shown a significant increase in risk between them. Risk has 19% increase from 16 people who work in passive smoking environment and people are living with people who suck the increased risk of 20-30%. Study of smoke inhalation, indicating that it is more dangerous than direct smoke. Passive smoking is a cause of death is estimated 3,400 people from lung cancer each year in the United States.

In turn, radon is a colorless odorless gas produced by the decay of radioactive radium is a decay product of uranium found in the earth’s crust. Result of sometimes cancerous mutation, radiation degradation products ionize genetic material. After smoking.The risk increased 16% increase from around 8 at a concentration of 100 Bq / m³ radon, radon is the most common cause of second lung cancer in the United States. Level of radon gas vary, depending on the configuration and the position of the rocks and soil of the underlying. For example, in areas such as (which has granite as a substrate) Cornwall, radon gas is a major problem, you must force and ventilation fan to radon gas concentration is low building in the UK. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), home of the United States of 15 one to estimate with a radon concentration of recommended management above 4 picocuries per liter (PCI / L).

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Usually, from the lining of the lobules or milk ducts that provides the milk ducts, breast cancer is a cancer of the breast tissue. The cancer caused by the duct while known as lobular carcinoma, those originating from the unit are known as ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer occurs in humans and other mammals. There is a possibility that the majority of cases of men women, breast cancer occur in men.

Benefits to the harm of breast cancer is controversial. (Chemotherapy and hormone therapy) characteristics of cancer drug treatment setting, which may include surgery, immunotherapy and / or radiation. It provides the maximum benefit of a single chemotherapy regimen of some, are given in addition to general surgery, increase the chances of a cure. In many cases the local recurrence rate, the use of radiation to improve the overall survival rate and significantly after breast-conserving surgery. Worldwide, breast cancer is the account for (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), 9.0% of all cancers in women. In 2008, breast cancer caused a (13.7% of cancer deaths in women) 458.503 deaths worldwide. Tend to delay in diagnosis has a poor performance due to men, [5] breast cancer, is more than 100 times more often in women than in men.
Prediction of survival of breast cancer patients vary greatly depending on the type of the geographic location of the treatment of patients cancer, stage. Breast cancer is diagnosed with survive for at least five years, of women more than 10 people 8 (84%), for example, the survival rate of the western world is high in the UK. In developing countries, however, the survival rate is inferior to much.

Symptoms that appear at the beginning of breast cancer is generally flat, it feels different from the rest of the breast tissue. Woman is detected more than 80% of breast cancer cases when you feel once. Most early-stage breast cancer that is detected by mammography. Mass is seen in the lymph nodes located at the underarm, can give breast cancer.

You can change the position and shape of the particles can include a thickening that is different from the breast tissue of the other one, and high or low around the nipple is not inverted, the display of breast cancer and other skin several times emissions from swelling of the clavicle and around the armpits and pain, underarm and breast of certain of the nipple / s with a rash or folds, of. Is a tool that can not be trusted for determining the presence or absence of pain (“mastodynia”) breast cancer, it is possible to indicate health problems other breast. Good breast cancer, the diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer is a particular type may be a substantial challenge. Well, it is possible to include a texture orange peel redness itching, pain, swelling, nipple inversion, warmth and of the whole breast, skin, orange peel-like symptoms, dangerous detection delay once even though similar to the inflammation of the breast, I no longer visible. Complex of symptoms reported another breast cancer is Paget’s disease of the breast. This syndrome is represented by changes in the skin, such as a slight scaling of the nipple eczema and erythema. Progress Paget symptoms numbness, and may include itching, tenderness, burning or pain. In addition, there may be a discharge from the nipple. You have a lump in the breast also, about half of women diagnosed with Paget.

In rare cases, what appears first as there is a possibility of phyllodes tumor is actually a fibroadenoma (hard movable lump). Phyllodes tumor is formed connective tissue in the breast (connective tissue), interstitial tissue and glands were included. Phyllodes tumors disposed ordinary meaning, they are classified based on their appearance under a microscope benign, malignant, or as a border. Sometimes, breast cancer presents as metastatic is a cancer that has spread beyond the original body. Metastatic breast cancer produces symptoms depend on the location of the metastasis. Common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. Occasionally, weight loss unexplained, you can tell the occult breast cancer symptoms of chills and fever so that you can. Neurological symptoms and sometimes jaundice to allow the pain of bones and joints, there are symptoms of metastatic breast cancer. This means that it happens in many other diseases, these phenomena are referred to as non-specific. That most of the symptoms of cancer, including the most mass is a primary breast cancer is not known. Less than 20% of the mass, for example, cancer, mastitis of breast such and benign breast disease, such as fibroadenoma is the most frequent cause for the symptoms of breast disease. However, because of the emergence of new symptoms, patient and physician should be taken seriously ability basic cancer, breast cancer, regardless of age.