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In the normal lung, I have the other one lung, the left side of the chest two lungs, the right side of the chest. Each lung contains a section called leaf. In the lung, and are protected from the chest and soft. To bring the oxygen in the body, object of the lung, and remove carbon dioxide. While oxygen of “exhaust” of the body and waste, carbon dioxide is a gas that gives our energy.

For his lungs, to protect themselves from irritants, there are a number of ways. to prevent large particles of pollutants from the fact that first, nose enters the lungs when you breathe, it acts as a filter. If the stimulus enters the lungs, it will fit in a thin layer of mucus (also called sputum or phlegm) that is inside the line of the trachea. Media 3 g mucus took out a tube of these mucous membranes of the respiratory every day. This mucus has been “swept” into the mouth of the small hair called the line breathing tube cilia. The cilia move mucus from the lungs to the neck of the epiglottis up. Epiglottis is a door opening fluid in order to be able to swallow. This happens without thinking about it us. As long as you do not have an infection or chronic bronchitis chest cold like this, such as exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia, the spitting phlegm, people does not occur not “normal”.

Defense mechanism of another lung has been the cough. It is a normal phenomenon, cough is the result of inflammation of the bronchial general case. I can cough to expel the mucus from the lungs faster than cilia.

At the end of the general method of lung is used to protect, can cause problems. Strip of muscle is lined to the airways of the lungs. If the lungs are irritated, these muscle groups, can be the lungs in an attempt to maintain the irritation, breathing tube is narrowed, then tighten. These muscles are called bronchial tightening rapidly. Lung some are very sensitive to stimulation. Because there is a potential to cause serious problems for people with COPD, that it will breathe airway narrowing is difficult, bronchi, is a serious problem for those with asthma often they.

In order to supply oxygen to the body, the air moves through the nose, mouth or both. It is the preferred route nose and is a better filter from the mouth. The added moisture in the air and heating (humidity), nose, reduce the amount of delivery to the lung irritation us while breathing. For a large amount of air is required, the nose, lungs, can therefore be used in the most effective way to obtain the distance to the mouth breathing. When breathing through the mouth, normal exercise is required.

After inserting the nose and mouth, the air moves downward “trachea” or trachea. Tracheal tube is located closest to the door. It is behind “food pipe” of the esophagus and trachea. You, when eating the movement of food through the esophagus when we were breathing air movement under the trachea. Take food and airway but food epiglottis to prevent from entering the trachea, is controlled by the neck. Occasionally, liquid food and is coughing and choking spasms, and as a result, it is possible to enter the trachea.

The trachea is divided into left and right breathing tube, they are called bronchi. Lead of the left bronchus leads to the right lung to the right bronchus and left lung. Tubes called respiratory bronchioles These continue to be divided into smaller tubes and more. The bronchi end in small air sacs called alveoli. Alveolar meaning “bundle” in the cluster as Italian are connected to a small breathing tube. There are alveoli of 3 million or more in a normal lung. If it is exposed flat alveoli open, covering an area of ​​a pair of tennis courts. And I have a lot to lose if the lung disease, damage caused by surgery or infection occurs alveoli of all, it is not used once.

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It is similar to many other types of lung metastatic cancer, lung cancer is initiated by activation of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. It is believed that people cancer gene, cancer and the more susceptible. I have considered proto-oncogene and become cancerous gene when exposed to carcinogenic substances. Mutations in proto-oncogene of K-RAS is responsible for 10-30% of lung adenocarcinoma. Epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Amplification and mutation of the EGFR is common in non-small cell lung cancer, and provide the basis for treatment with EGFR inhibitors. The HER2/neu is affected too much. Chromosome damage, can lead to loss of heterozygosity. This can lead to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Staining 3P, 5q is particularly common in small cell lung cancer is damage to the 17p and, of 13q. P53 tumor suppressor gene in the chromosome 17P on, is affected by the 75 percent of cases from 60. Is amplified or mutated frequently, c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3CA, and other genes, is BRAF.

When you do a chest X-ray examination, it is the first step to investigate if the symptoms a person suggest the lung cancer has been reported. This can be (suggesting spread to lymph nodes there) mediastinum, to clarify the expansion of pleural effusion atelectasis (collapse), or integrated (pneumonia), an obvious mass. Typically, CT imaging can be used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. CT-guided biopsy or bronchoscopy is used to take a sample of the tumor for histopathological examination often.

In many cases, lung cancer can appear as solitary pulmonary nodule of the chest X-ray photo. However, differential diagnosis is wide. You can include organizing pneumonia tuberculosis, fungal infection, or metastatic cancer, to give something like this also, disease and many others. Common cause less solitary pulmonary nodule include hamartoma, bronchial cyst, adenoma, arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary sequestration, rheumatoid nodule, the lymphoma and Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lung cancer can be as lung nodules single CT scan or on X-ray that was done for reasons unrelated breast, to discover at random. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of suspicious tissue in the context of the radiological features and clinical.

It is classified according to the lung histological type. This classification is important in determining the prognosis and management of the disease outcome. The majority of lung cancer is a cancer arising from epithelial cells. Lung cancer is classified by the type and size of the observed cancer cells under a microscope from histopathologist. Two classes are small cell lung cancer and small cell.

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell lung cancer, a major three subtypes of NSCLC is a large cell lung cancer. About 40% of lung cancer, are originating from peripheral lung tissue usually. Most cases of adenocarcinoma associated with smoking, among those who smoked less than 100 in the life of (“smokers never”), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. Subtypes of bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, the woman who does not have a never smoker is common, there may be long-term survival excellent. Squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for about 30% of the lung. They usually occur in the vicinity of large airway. The cavity associated with cell death, often, I can be found in the center of the tumor. About 9% of the lung is large cell carcinoma. Cancer cells is large, in the black of visible nucleolus great quality and very, are named them.

When you stage a lung cancer, it is the evaluation of the degree of spread of cancer from its original source. This is one of the factors that can affect the potential treatment of lung cancer and prediction. Initial evaluation non-small cell lung cancer using the TNM staging classification (NSCLC). The size of the primary tumor, lymph nodes and this is based on the involvement of distant metastases. Then, using the TNM descriptor 0 through stage one group begins cancers feces are determined and IV IA (A-), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB.

In this step, I will assist the band selection of the evaluation of prognosis and treatment. Are classified small cell lung cancer “period”, the (SCLC) traditional (not limited to half of the breast, allowable radiation field) “rich stage” or as (widespread disease). However, grouping and TNM classification are useful for evaluating the prognosis. Case of SCLC and NSCLC, clinical stage, the main types of braking score 2, has been staging surgery. Clinical stage is carried out before the final operation. The image inspection (for example, PET scan and CT scan), are based on the results of the biopsy. Is evaluated after surgery or during surgical staging is based on the combined results of clinical data and includes a surgical sample of thoracic lymph nodes.

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Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue. If allowed to stand, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called other parts of the body tissue or near transition. Most cancers that begin in the lungs, is a cancer that is known as primary lung cancer, arise from epithelial cells. Called small cell lung cancer and (SCLC) non-small cell lung cancer and oat cell carcinoma main types of lung cancer, is a (NSCLC). The most common symptom is a cough shortness of breath (including coughing up blood) and weight loss of breath.

The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure causing 80-90% of the lung to cigarette smoke. Accounts for 10-15% of lung cancer cases of non-smokers, these cases are due to a combination of genetic factors often, radon gas, including passive smoking, asbestos, air pollution,. Lung cancer can be seen computed tomography and chest X-ray photograph (CT) on. Diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy to be performed by the CT-oriented bronchial or generally. Long-term results and treatment as measured by performance status, step (release times), and the general condition of the individual, and I depends on the type of cancer.

The common treatment, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy is included. Usually, SCLC whereas respond well to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, NSCLC are treated sometimes, surgery. On average, 15% of people in the United States, has been diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after diagnosis. Globally, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, and is responsible for 1.38 million deaths per year from 2008.

If the cancer has grown into the airways, it is possible to interfere with the flow of air resulting in difficulty in breathing. There is a predisposition to pneumonia and lead to the accumulation of fluid in the closed stop behind. Depending on the type of cancer, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may attract the attention of the original disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include syndrome (SIADH) antidiuretic hormone inappropriate Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness, caused by autoantibodies), or hypercalcemia. Tumors of the upper part of the lung, known as Pancoast tumor, can invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system leading to damage to the brachial plexus and, (fall of small pupil on this side and lid) Horner’s syndrome . Many of the symptoms (loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) of lung cancer is not specific. In many people, when they see a doctor to have the symptoms, the cancer has spread beyond the original site they already. Brain, bone, adrenal glands, against lung, a common site of spread, including liver, pericardium, and kidney. About 10 percent of people with symptoms of lung cancer is not a diagnosis, and these cancers, are found at random routine chest X-ray film.

Instead of tobacco, especially smoking, is the most important factor for lung cancer. The smoke of tobacco, including a radioactive isotope from benzopyrene radon decay chain over the age of 60 known, and nitrosamines, carcinogens are included. Furthermore, it appears that nicotine and reduce the immune response against the cancer tissue which is exposed. In developed countries the whole, 90% of lung cancer deaths in men in 2000 is associated with a (70% for women) smoking. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases.

In passive smoking and non-smokers, inhalation of smoke from smoking causes lung cancer in someone else. Second-hand smoke, can be used to classify someone alive, like work with smokers. You are exposed to second-hand smoke on a consistent basis, research in the United States, Europe, the UK, from Australia, has shown a significant increase in risk between them. Risk has 19% increase from 16 people who work in passive smoking environment and people are living with people who suck the increased risk of 20-30%. Study of smoke inhalation, indicating that it is more dangerous than direct smoke. Passive smoking is a cause of death is estimated 3,400 people from lung cancer each year in the United States.

In turn, radon is a colorless odorless gas produced by the decay of radioactive radium is a decay product of uranium found in the earth’s crust. Result of sometimes cancerous mutation, radiation degradation products ionize genetic material. After smoking.The risk increased 16% increase from around 8 at a concentration of 100 Bq / m³ radon, radon is the most common cause of second lung cancer in the United States. Level of radon gas vary, depending on the configuration and the position of the rocks and soil of the underlying. For example, in areas such as (which has granite as a substrate) Cornwall, radon gas is a major problem, you must force and ventilation fan to radon gas concentration is low building in the UK. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), home of the United States of 15 one to estimate with a radon concentration of recommended management above 4 picocuries per liter (PCI / L).

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Usually, from the lining of the lobules or milk ducts that provides the milk ducts, breast cancer is a cancer of the breast tissue. The cancer caused by the duct while known as lobular carcinoma, those originating from the unit are known as ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer occurs in humans and other mammals. There is a possibility that the majority of cases of men women, breast cancer occur in men.

Benefits to the harm of breast cancer is controversial. (Chemotherapy and hormone therapy) characteristics of cancer drug treatment setting, which may include surgery, immunotherapy and / or radiation. It provides the maximum benefit of a single chemotherapy regimen of some, are given in addition to general surgery, increase the chances of a cure. In many cases the local recurrence rate, the use of radiation to improve the overall survival rate and significantly after breast-conserving surgery. Worldwide, breast cancer is the account for (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), 9.0% of all cancers in women. In 2008, breast cancer caused a (13.7% of cancer deaths in women) 458.503 deaths worldwide. Tend to delay in diagnosis has a poor performance due to men, [5] breast cancer, is more than 100 times more often in women than in men.
Prediction of survival of breast cancer patients vary greatly depending on the type of the geographic location of the treatment of patients cancer, stage. Breast cancer is diagnosed with survive for at least five years, of women more than 10 people 8 (84%), for example, the survival rate of the western world is high in the UK. In developing countries, however, the survival rate is inferior to much.

Symptoms that appear at the beginning of breast cancer is generally flat, it feels different from the rest of the breast tissue. Woman is detected more than 80% of breast cancer cases when you feel once. Most early-stage breast cancer that is detected by mammography. Mass is seen in the lymph nodes located at the underarm, can give breast cancer.

You can change the position and shape of the particles can include a thickening that is different from the breast tissue of the other one, and high or low around the nipple is not inverted, the display of breast cancer and other skin several times emissions from swelling of the clavicle and around the armpits and pain, underarm and breast of certain of the nipple / s with a rash or folds, of. Is a tool that can not be trusted for determining the presence or absence of pain (“mastodynia”) breast cancer, it is possible to indicate health problems other breast. Good breast cancer, the diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer is a particular type may be a substantial challenge. Well, it is possible to include a texture orange peel redness itching, pain, swelling, nipple inversion, warmth and of the whole breast, skin, orange peel-like symptoms, dangerous detection delay once even though similar to the inflammation of the breast, I no longer visible. Complex of symptoms reported another breast cancer is Paget’s disease of the breast. This syndrome is represented by changes in the skin, such as a slight scaling of the nipple eczema and erythema. Progress Paget symptoms numbness, and may include itching, tenderness, burning or pain. In addition, there may be a discharge from the nipple. You have a lump in the breast also, about half of women diagnosed with Paget.

In rare cases, what appears first as there is a possibility of phyllodes tumor is actually a fibroadenoma (hard movable lump). Phyllodes tumor is formed connective tissue in the breast (connective tissue), interstitial tissue and glands were included. Phyllodes tumors disposed ordinary meaning, they are classified based on their appearance under a microscope benign, malignant, or as a border. Sometimes, breast cancer presents as metastatic is a cancer that has spread beyond the original body. Metastatic breast cancer produces symptoms depend on the location of the metastasis. Common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. Occasionally, weight loss unexplained, you can tell the occult breast cancer symptoms of chills and fever so that you can. Neurological symptoms and sometimes jaundice to allow the pain of bones and joints, there are symptoms of metastatic breast cancer. This means that it happens in many other diseases, these phenomena are referred to as non-specific. That most of the symptoms of cancer, including the most mass is a primary breast cancer is not known. Less than 20% of the mass, for example, cancer, mastitis of breast such and benign breast disease, such as fibroadenoma is the most frequent cause for the symptoms of breast disease. However, because of the emergence of new symptoms, patient and physician should be taken seriously ability basic cancer, breast cancer, regardless of age.

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Prostate cancer is a form of glandular cancer onset, of the male reproductive system in the prostate. Growth is slow prostate most cancers, but in some cases of invasive cancer of the prostate. Tumor cells can be from prostate other body parts, especially in lymph nodes and bone to (spread) transition. Prostate cancer, the problem may be pain, difficulty urinating, during intercourse, or cause erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms, may occur during the later stages of the disease potentially.

Is detected less frequently than South Asia, East Asia, in Europe, in the United States, detection rate of prostate cancer varies greatly throughout the world especially. Prostate cancer tends to develop in men over the age of 50. Globally, (currently, the first of the second in the United Kingdom and the United States) it is a major cause of the sixth of cancer-related death in men. Prostate cancer is most common in developed countries has increased in developing countries. However, many men, not treated without symptoms never, prostate cancer die because of other unrelated eventually. Many factors, including the Food and genetic is involved in the development of prostate cancer.

It can be shown by biopsy presence of prostate cancer, symptoms, physical examination, prostate specific antigen or (PSA),. The prostate-specific antigen test, detection of cancer will increase, but it does not reduce the death rate. Because of the risk of re-treatment and over-diagnosis, such as prostate cancer, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, remain asymptomatic, which is recommended for screening for prostate cancer using the test PSA in 2012. USPSTF concluded that the potential benefits of the test is not exceeded expectations harm.

Management strategy for prostate cancer, should be guided by the severity of the disease. I can be low-risk tumor to track active surveillance very safely. For curative treatment, typically do not include surgery according to radiotherapy and various normal or cases of advanced disease rarely more, cryosurgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and the (hormonal therapy Regardless, in some cases, it is reserved for applying a radiation of) possible. Several studies, masturbation, has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

The base of human age, and health, extent of metastasis, appearance, and the reaction of the cancer to initial treatment are important in determining the prognosis of the disease under the microscope. Decision of whether to treat (cancer contained in the prostate) localized prostate cancer patients and radical is a compromise between the adverse effects to the expected beneficial to survival and quality of life of patients.

Usually do not cause symptoms early prostate cancer. But sometimes, the symptoms are similar to these diseases as benign prostatic hyperplasia such frequent prostate cancer. These include (painful urination) dysuria to start the steady stream (nocturia) frequent urination frequent urination at night, difficulty urine, maintain, and, hematuria (blood in the urine) is included . About one-third of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between asymptomatic, two-thirds have more than one of these symptoms.

Prostate cancer is associated with dysuria prostate that surrounds the prostatic urethra. Therefore, changes in the gland can affect the urinary function directly. Secretion of the prostate and seminal of the urethra vas deferens deposits prostate as included in the content semen, prostate cancer, it’s performance sexual function and as difficult to obtain ejaculation and painful erection of such can cause problems.

Advanced prostate cancer, which can cause additional symptoms probably spread to other parts of the body. In many cases, (bones of the spine) spine, ribs and pelvis, the most common symptom is bone pain. Toward the proximal portion of the bone, cancer, spread to the bone of others, such as the femur in general. Prostate cancer of the spine, can be pressure and weakness of the legs, leading to fecal incontinence and urine, and spinal cord.

For a complete understanding of the causes of prostate cancer remains elusive. Obesity, age, the main risk factor is a family history. Prostate cancer is rare in women younger than 45 years, but with age, it becomes more frequent. Average age at diagnosis was 70. However, many people never know they have prostate cancer. Autopsy study of men in Uganda Sweden that died of other causes, Jamaica, Israel, German, Chinese, and have found prostate cancer 30 percent of the 50-year-old men and 80 percent of 70-year-old man. You appear to have a risk of developing the disease than men without prostate cancer in the family a man is a member of the family of first-degree of prostate cancer. This risk appears to be greater for men with a brother affected than men of his father affected. In the United States, mortality due to prostate cancer and new cases of about 230 000 of prostate cancer was 30,000 in 2005. A woman with high blood pressure, likely to develop prostate cancer is high. There is a possibility of a slight increase in prostate cancer is associated with a lack of exercise. In the 2010 study, I found that prostate basal cell is the most common site of origin of prostate cancer.