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The primary cancer, you may want to develop in any tissue of the body. I can (forming cancer first) primary cancer spreads to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis. Typically, cancer cells is similar to the cells of the type of organization the cancer began. For example, I can breast cancer cells spread to the lungs. It appears as breast cancer because cancer begins in breast cancer cells in lung cancer cells.

Sometimes, the doctor find out where the cancer has spread, but the place where it began to grow in the body of the first cancer, I can not find it. This type of cancer is called a cancer of occult primary tumor or of unknown primary (CUP). The primary cancer, the test has been carried out to find where to start in order to obtain information about where the cancer has spread. Can not find the primary cancer in the test, the cancer is not a glass, the treatment is based on the type of primary cancer.

Always metastasis in primary cancer, it is a tumor which match so, it was started from a cell or a cancer cell to another part of the body is theorized it. However, you will want to have a unit with primary tumor metastasis more than 10 percent of cancer patients can not be found. It is said that in these cases, it refers to the primary tumor as “occult” or “unknown” the doctor, patient and have primary tumor of unknown primary cancer of unknown or (CUP) the (RTA). This 3% of all cancers of unknown primary being estimated. The study, if you want to question simply, (urination “bladder” probably cough blood “Yes” probably blood) cancer, you indicate that you do not want to reveal the source of the will or not there is a complex image. I can in some of such cases, the primary tumor is introduced later. Use pathological allowed immunohistochemistry to obtain the ID number of these transitions. However, in the survey, I will clarify the main area sometimes. (Eg, melanoma) in, in the autopsy even in the primary tumor, it is not found in rare cases. Therefore, it is thought to be capable of completely regressed primary tumor is of some, leave the transition.

Unknown primary cancer is found after being diagnosed with (CUP) metastatic cancer, where the (primary site) began the cancer can not be determined. That approximately 2-4% of all cancer patients are identified in the primary site has a cancer that is not. Metastatic cancer, cancer cells viewed under a microscope, cups for treatment depends on many factors, including the cases where healthy age and general of the patient was found. Even “CUP” initial diagnosis, recent advances in diagnostic technology has improved the ability of the physician to find the place.

I have a type of cell called adenocarcinoma most of the primary tumor patients unidentified. Words of adenocarcinoma refers to cancer that starts in the cells of the glandular structure on the cover and lining of certain organs in the body. Common location for lung cancer is included pancreas, breast, prostate, stomach, liver, and colon. (Ie, when viewed under a microscope too much, they seem to have been developed than the normal cells.), Cancer good germ cell tumor and, if it were lymphoma when cancer cells were differentiated. Lymphoma, start in the lymphatic system. Usually, germ cell tumor, begins in the ovaries and testes. Patients with primary cancer was discovered finally, is the most frequent site lung, pancreatic cancer. Further cup, it is possible to follow the primary site breast, prostate, colon, or rectum.

However, sometimes, the doctor can not be determined even when using a method that is very sophisticated to try to identify the main location of the body of cancer cells. The case of 4% from 2 of all cancer patients, it is found that the primary site has a cancer that is not. Because it can help doctors to plan treatment best often knowing the location and type, it is possible to identify the primary tumor site is important. Possible treatment that is specific for cancer suspect is more effective is high. However, the diagnostic test, when you do not identify the primary site, the potential benefits of a more extensive test, you need to decide whether or not greater than the financial cost and discomfort of the patient doctor.

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Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients. However, it does not have the capability to all the tumor is transferred. This potential depends on the factors that determine growth, angiogenesis, invasion, the basic process of other tumor cells. In epithelial tumors of many epithelial – it is assumed (EMT) is a major event in the metastatic process mesenchymal transition. Including the acquisition of migratory mesenchymal phenotype and destruction of epithelial cell homeostasis, migration EMT, the reverse is included in embryonic development epithelial phenotype (MET) from between the leaves. EMT is displayed as controlled by the canonical pathway as transforming growth factor β and WNT pathway such. An important feature of EMT is the loss of membrane E-cadherin in the tight junctions may play an important role in β-catenin. The transfer of β-catenin, loss of E-cadherine, can lead to EMT then to adhesive bonding from the nucleus. There is evidence that can be direct transfer E-cadherine gene repressor SLUG activates EMT-related genes and subject to nuclear β-catenin of.

Recent evidence supports the notion that cancer cells undergoing EMT is a precursor of metastatic cancer cells, it may transition CSCS further  was measured at the end of a subset of invasive pancreatic cancer cells (CXCL12 chemokine receptor, also known as SDF1 ligand) that CD133 + CXCR4 +. These cells showed migration activity significantly more than its corresponding CD133 + CXCR4 cells, both cell subsets showed tumor development similar capabilities. Furthermore, the inhibition of CXCR4 receptor results in a reduced metastatic potential without changing the tumorigenic capacity.

On the other hand, CD44 + CD24-/low cells in breast cancer has been detected in the metastatic pleural effusion. Meanwhile, it was identified by distant metastasis in breast cancer patients with an increase in the number of CD24 + cells. There is a data arbitration mechanism of metastasis in breast cancer, but few, cell it is a CD44 + CD24-/low possible, and spread to the first in a new location, they change the phenotype and differentiation is limited. Move cell cancer stem (SCS) and the fixed cancer stem cells (MCS) – These results are based on the presence of two forms of cancer stem cells, resulting in a new dynamic phase long-term expression. The SCS, are incorporated into the fabric, and held in separate areas throughout tumor progression. MCS term, describes the cell is a tumor host interface. There is evidence through the acquisition of transient EMT, these cells that is derived from the SCS.

It is a stage of breast cancer metastatic breast cancer disease has spread to distant metastasis. Typically, the number of years you happen to resection of primary breast cancer, which is a complication of primary breast cancer. In many cases, it is possible to develop resistance to several lines of prior treatment, metastasize to distant sites them, and get a special property, metastatic cells of breast cancer, that it is very dangerous they, It is different from the properties of primary breast cancer as a recipient of the previous conditions often. That have a poor prognosis in many cases, distant metastases, accounting for about 90% of deaths from breast cancer. Bone metastatic lymph node, and lung, liver, brain, mainly breast cancer is a bone in the most common site. On several nodes and surrounding sentinel lymph node, it is considered metastatic breast cancer and local events treatable, and to be later or when it occurs in the presentation of the original lymph node metastasis.

Physical (basement membrane), chemical (ROS or reactive oxygen species, hypoxia and low pH) and biological barriers typical environment in the event of metastatic extracellular matrix and regulations (immune surveillance inhibit cytokine (ECM ) peptide) component is included. Anatomical study of organ-specific effects on the transition also includes a blood flow pattern of the primary tumor, and targeting ability of cancer cells to specific tissues. Perhaps, the targeting of cancer cells to specific organs is regulated by adhesion molecules and chemoattractant factors derived from cell surface receptors and organ specific expression on tumor cells.

Heparanase, the line is disconnected to heparin sulfate HSPG you have a large network with several proteins in the ECM and cell surface. Is composed of core proteins, proteins containing fibronectin ECM various laminin, interstitial collagen, HSPG basic structure (HS) chains are covalently bound O-bound binding linear heparin sulfate some heparin-binding The lipoproteins.HSPGs, well-known components of the vessel and acts as an assembly growth factors, chemokines. Bind vascular endothelial growth factor in (VEGFs), HS stable FGF protects them from inactivation. It helps the GFS removal functions as a low-affinity co-receptor that promotes dimerization of FGF factor in circulating low concentration of growth factors, HS chains induces activation of the signal tyrosine kinase receptor further. It is expressed by cancer cells involved in angiogenesis and neovascularization deterioration of skeletal polysaccharide endothelial BM, therefore, heparanase release of angiogenic growth factors from the ECM.

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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are mesenchymal tumors most common in the digestive tract, which represents 1-3% of gastrointestinal tumors. They are due to mutations in the PDGFRA gene or gene action kit that generally, it is defined as a good or a tumor without positive staining kit.

GIST was introduced as a diagnostic term in 1983. At the end of the 1990s, it is referred to as a “tumor stromal gastrointestinal tract” non-epithelial tumors of many of the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathologists did not particularly be used to distinguish the species to know that now different molecules. Thereafter, it was identified as a marker which can distinguish between different types and subsequent CD34, CD117,. Furthermore, in the absence of a particular treatment, diagnostic classification has a limited impact therapeutic and prognostic.

Understanding of GIST of biology is remarkable, especially in-KIT, please change the identification of the molecular basis of GIST. Says 70-80% of GIST of, shortly thereafter be a benign and reviews, historical, literary before the molecular definition of GIST. Determination of the molecular basis for the result, of GIST in the exclusion of many tumors that contained a much greater number of tumors that have been labeled with different types of undifferentiated carcinoma and sarcoma, and also evaluated as early GIST-. For example, the diagnosis of some of the earlier of (malignant tumor of smooth muscle) leiomyosarcoma of the stomach or small intestine, then it is re-classified as GIST based on immunohistochemical staining. “Therefore. Benign” is considered GIST tumors of all and has been able GIST tumors and grade is classified as critical, GIST of all cancer staging of AJCC (7th Edition) / UICC you are eligible for classification. However, risk assessment of different tendency GIST by other recurrence or metastasis is dependent on the location of the origin of the number of mitotic figures, and size. Clinical pathway of care before 2000, was the value of information for the most part of the current era.

In other words, the sarcoma is a tumor of connective tissue, GISTs are non-epithelial Unlike the digestive tract tumor most. About 70%, occur in less than 10% of the esophagus and 20%, in the small intestine in the stomach. The degree of cell division is slow in the peritoneal cavity the liver, omentum and but if it is a large tumor dissemination, especially small tumor is benign in general. They are not found in other abdominal organs rarely. The GIST, are thought to have derived intermediate cells of Cajal, which is part of the autonomic nervous system of the intestine from (ICC) usually. They serve to control the functions of the pacemaker of the exercise.

GIST of about 85%, are associated with abnormal kit. -Kit growth factors known as (SCF) stem cell factor, is a gene encoding a transmembrane receptors. A small subset of c-Kit of, most (85%) resulting from mutations in the gene itself, and is associated with constitutive activation of KIT, which is detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent blotting kit specific time, the GIST of the association. And other cells product/CD117, represented by the number of some other bone marrow cells, mast cells, melanocytes, in particular ICC is C-kit. In the intestine, however, could be a GIST arising from the cells of MHC is high CD117 positive staining mass.

C-kit molecule contains a long extracellular domain, the intracellular portion and the transmembrane segment. Mutation found in DNA encoding (exon 11) intracellular portion which acts as an activator of tyrosine kinases other enzymes in general. Lead to genomic instability and possibly high rate of cell division, mutation, independent kitfunction made of activation by SCF. In cells with C-KIT mutations to development as GIST probably further mutations are “necessary,” but,-kitmutation is the first step of this process probably. Mutations in exon 11, 9, and Kit gene is important in drug therapy for GIST from 13-17 Metropolitan infrequent in GIST.The tyrosine kinase function of c-Kit, as will be described later. The 17 D816V mutant a-kit exon, is responsible for resistance to the targeted drug imatinib mesylate treatment such as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Wild-type having a mutation in the tyrosine kinase gene another, PDGFR-α (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α), associated in place (ie, unmutated), and kits, GIST cells most. Mutations of c-kit andPDGFrA of are mutually exclusive.
Small number of GIST, it appears NOR-kit, PDGFR-α also linked abnormally. GIST of the, occurs in 10 to 20 parts per million. Because of the diagnosis of GIST much sensitive a new way to the lab, there is a possibility that the higher the frequency of true. Expected frequency of GIST in the United States is about 5000 cases per year. In addition to making the most common form of GIST sarcoma not more than 70 kinds of cancer, which is less than 1% of all cancers in all its forms.

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Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor derived from the cells of the cervix from. One of the most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but until the progression to advanced stages of cancer, there may be no obvious symptoms in some cases. Usually, is composed of (including local excision) surgery at an early stage, treatment is radiation therapy in advanced-stage disease and / or chemotherapy. Cancer screening using the Pap test can be used to identify pre-cancerous changes and potentially cancer cells and tissues of the cervix. Treatment of many changes, can prevent the development of cancer in many victims. In developed countries, the prevalence of screening programs for cervical cancer has decreased the incidence of invasive cervical cancer dramatically. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection seems to be factors necessary to the development of (90% +) in almost all cases of cervical cancer. HPV vaccine effective against the two strains of this large family of viruses responsible for about 70% of cases of cervical cancer currently are tested by United States, Canada, Australia and EU. Because it covers some vaccines cause cancer HPV only (“high risk”) type, after vaccination, you should seek medical screening smear regular even a woman.

It of the cervix is ​​the narrow portion of the uterus join the top of the vagina. Cervical most cancers is an epithelial cell squamous cell carcinoma occurring in squamous (flat) line neck. Adenocarcinoma that occurs in glandular epithelial cells are the most common type of second. Very often, the cancer can occur in other types of cells of the cervix. It may be asymptomatic completely in the early stages of cervical cancer. Vaginal bleeding, vaginal mass (rarely) may indicate the presence of a malignant tumor or bleeding contact. In addition, moderate pain in between the symptoms vaginal discharge and intercourse, of cervical cancer. In advanced disease, metastases may be other places abdomen, lungs.
Symptoms of cervical cancer advanced included: pain loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back, foot pain, swelling of the legs, vaginal bleeding, fracture, and / or (rarely) vagina leakage of feces and urine from.

Infection of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor of maximum for cervical cancer followed by smoking. The other risk factors, human immunodeficiency virus is included. Cause of cervical cancer not all are known, several factors involving other contributions. 18,31 and 45, which accounts for 70% of cervical cancer and 16 type [9] human papilloma virus, around the world, while the basis of another 10%.

Genital warts in the form of a benign tumor of epithelial cells was also caused by different strains of HPV. However, it is associated with cervical cancer serotypes thereof. It may include anything that may cause warts and these causes, cervical cancer, and a strain at the same time has been found. Been approved by other organizations and the American Cancer Society officially, HPV to develop cervical cancer, and is seen as, of conflict of formula (many, paradigm, infected patients as a result venereal disease receiving medically from cancer is a sexually transmitted disease but rather, this is) is caused technically is that you must have, but most women infected with high-risk HPV, and of developing cervical cancer. Condom is small, but it does not prevent the transmission always. Similarly, HPV can be transmitted by skin-to-skin contact with the infected area. Is considered the HPV and cleaning penis in the region, to grow preferentially in the epithelium of the glans can be prevention, but in men, the test commercially available for HPV, is not it.

Also smoking, can increase the risk of cervical cancer in women may be a method of directly and indirectly to induce cervical cancer of different cervical cancer.There some smoking associated with the development of the method. Direct way of agreement, have a great chance of occurrence in CIN3 that has the potential to start cervical cancer female smokers of this cancer. In the case of CIN3 lesions lead to cancer, I use a virus HPV most of them, but it can be considered that this is not necessarily so, directly, to be related to cervical cancer. Indirect method of developing this type of cancer from smoking is that can lead to cervical cancer leads to human papilloma virus. Long-term smokers appears to have risk of having CIN3 lesions lightly smoking or no smoking is low and heavy smoking. Smoking has been associated with cervical cancer, to help in the development of HPV is the main cause of this type of cancer. Further, not only promote the development of the HPV, if the woman is HPV positive already, the probability of infection of cervical cancer still increases it.

In many cases, the precursor potential cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, to cervical cancer, are diagnosed in the study cervical biopsy by a pathologist. Classification was used for (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) dysplastic change of pre-cancerous state of CIN.
Histological classification and naming of cervical cancer lesions percursor has been changed many times during the 20th century. Mild them, naming (CIS) cancer and dysplasia of moderate or severe, classification system of the World Health Organization, was the description of the lesion on the spot. Long-term cervical intraepithelial tumor (CIN), to focus on the spectrum of an abnormality in these lesions, was developed to standardize the therapy. Moderate dysplasia as CIN1, CIN2, and classifies the mild dysplasia, such as CIS and severe dysplasia as CIN3 it. In recent years, it will be combined with CIN2, CIN3, in CIN2 / 3 further. These results are what may be pathologist Report biopsy. They should not be confused with terms Bethesda system to achieve the results of the Pap (cytopathology). In the resulting of Bethesda: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and (LSIL) low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Smear LSIL can be that corresponding to the CIN3 and CIN2 is to correspond to HSIL and CIN1, but you do not have to meet the histological findings, they are the result of Pap smear results and various tests.

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The endometrium is the lining of the inside of the uterus of a mammal. To maintain the patency of the uterine cavity, thereby preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, endometrium, function and gland innermost layer of the lining for the uterus. During the estrous cycle and menstrual cycle, blood vessel-rich, the thickness of the endometrium, grows in glandular tissue layer. This represents the optimal environment for implantation of blastocyst on arrival in the uterus. (Detectable using ultrasound scanners) echoes, the central, endometrium, has an average thickness of 6.7 mm. During pregnancy, blood vessels and glands increase further the endometrium in size and number. Become space of the vessel is fused and are interconnected to form the placenta by supplying oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and embryo.

Endometrial lining undergoes cyclic regeneration. Most other mammals while subject to the estrous cycle, great apes and humans, displays the menstrual cycle. In both cases, first, the endometrium, to grow under the influence of estrogen. Ovulation occurs, however, once, in addition to estrogen, also ovaries begin to produce progesterone. This will change the growth pattern of the endometrial lining in the secretion. In the end, the lining of secretion, it provides an environment of hospitality for blastocyst of one or more. If you implant the blastocyst, lining remains as decidua. Fall off, become part of the placenta, it provides protection and support for pregnancy.

If inadequate stimulation attributed lining exists in the lack of the hormone, the endometrium is thin, remains inactive. In humans, amenorrhea, or it occurs in the absence of menstrual period. Postmenopausal lining is described as being atrophy often. There is without contrast, endometrium exposed to chronic estrogen, progesterone, resulting in hyperplasia. Further long-term use of oral contraceptive progestins very powerful, it is possible to induce atrophy of the endometrium. In humans, to build the lining of the endometrium, the average duration of the 28-day period of the sink. The endometrium, we are developing at different rates in a variety of mammals. Its formation is influenced by other factors season, climate, and stress at times. I will generate a certain hormone at various points endometrial itself along the cycle. This will affect the other parts of the reproductive system.

Endometrium is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue that varies in thickness according to the impact stroma, the hormone. Base of stroma carry a rich blood supply of spiral artery to reach from the endometrial surface also uterine gland of cylindrical simple. In women of reproductive age, it is possible to distinguish between the two layers of the endometrium. In the lining of the fallopian tube instead of the two layers, I will only occur in the endometrium lining the lumen of the uterus. The functional layer is adjacent to the uterine cavity.

This layer is built after menstruation has finished the first part of the menstrual cycle the last. It is induced by (follicular phase of the menstrual cycle) estrogen, changes in this layer is caused by progestrone from the corpus luteum (luteal phase) later growth. It is adapted to provide an optimal environment for the growth and implantation of the embryo. This layer is shed during menstruation completely. The base layer adjacent to the functional layer and lower myometrium, to flow at any time during the menstrual cycle, the functional layer may not be developed therefrom. In the absence of progesterone, the arteries supplying blood to the functional layer, so bring menstruation, dying cells in that tier is to ischemia, contraction.

Hormone therapy induces the like of histological changes in the endometrium. Histologic patterns encountered in hormone regimen most commonly used is described. Oral contraceptives is associated with interstitial edema and pseudosecretory gland inactive, or atrophy,, decidual reaction without spiral artery, between quality granules. The progesterone of high potency, there is a possibility that stromal marked, to induce nodule interstitial fibroids and vascular hyperplasia. To accelerate the maturity of the stroma, in many cases, ovulation induction therapy is associated with a mismatch between edema and glandular secretion indicating the change of initial, of decidualized stroma. Hormone replacement therapy is able to stimulate the proliferation of the endometrium to produce tumors and endometrial hyperplasia when using estrogen alone.

If the progesterone regimen and estrogen are used, may be found in various combinations is a wide range of histological pattern: secretory endometrium growth and endometrial, adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma, stromal atrophy any of the above decidua and conversion hyperplasia, glandular metaplasia, and atrophic endometrium. Progesterone therapy can be seen in progesterone therapy sometime after squamoid is in the membrane in the uterus “morules.” Is followed by changes in the secretory endometrium, nuclear vacuoles, and decidua reaction, mainly because of the tumor and endometrial hyperplasia changes in the secretion do not rule out residual cancer. The hormone therapy for breast cancer, tamoxifen, act as estrogen agonists of the endometrium on to work as an anti-estrogen in breast cancer is high, endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, adenomyosis, tamoxifen therapy adenomatous hyperplasia , and may be associated with adenocarcinoma.

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They occur (skin lesions) skin cancer, it is named after the type of skin cell from there. Derived from the underlying basal cell carcinoma, epidermal, the most common skin cancer, but is low risk. It is common and a lot, derived from the intermediate layer, but is easily spread if left untreated, squamous cell carcinoma, can be fatal. Melanoma pigment-producing cell is (melanocytes) is the most common, but with the highest positive, is spread more likely, and if not treated, it is that you can be fatal. Most cases are caused by an excess of to ultraviolet rays from the sun or tanning bed. Usually, the treatment is to surgically removed. Melanoma is one of the highest survival rates of cancer and more than 75% of the people who survived 10 years in the UK during the 2007-2005 period. In the UK, 12,818 people are diagnosed with malignant melanoma in 2010, about 10 million people, was diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer. 2746 deaths from skin cancer, there was a malignant melanoma of the 546 and 2203 of non-malignant melanoma. In 2008, 59,695 people are diagnosed with melanoma, 8623 people died in it in the United States.

Basal cell carcinoma present sun exposed parts of the skin, especially the face. It does not cause death rare they do not transition rarely. They can be treated with radiation therapy or surgery easier. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common, than basal cell cancer much more frequently. They metastasize more frequently BCC. Even then, with the exception of lips, ears, and the transition rate of the SCC in immunosuppressed patients, it was very low. Melanoma is the most common of the three forms of skin cancer. there is a possibility that they will transition often, once they spread, lead to death.

Skin cancer angiosarcoma Paget’s disease dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, spindle mast cell tumor, cancer, cystic adnexal carcinoma, breast, atypical fibroxanthoma, and leimyosarcoma less common I include. In BCC SCCS, in many cases, it indicates that it is caused by UV-B radiation through direct damage to DNA, these types of cancer is solely the UV-mutation. However, malignant melanoma, is caused by the radiation through the DNA damage damage.The indirect DNA indirect caused by reactive oxygen species and UV-free radical mainly. The study, in combination with exposure of 60 minutes, the result has not been used in very small amounts to an increase of free radicals in the skin, the absorption of three sunscreen component of the skin, the indicated time rarely ultraviolet are. However, the researchers, the new cream often contain specific compounds thereof, the combination of other components, tends to retain the compound on the skin surface. In addition, re-administration is added to reduce often the risk of the formation of radicals.

There are a variety of different symptoms of skin cancer. These, are included, the change of the number of moles of existing and skin, changes in skin No, the discoloration that you heal ulcering the skin, such as jagged expansion of mall and shopping mall. Basal cell carcinoma presents as a bump on the skin exposed to sunlight usually, procurement smooth, shoulder head, neck and pearly. Sometimes, small blood vessels can be observed in tumors. Bleeding and scab is developing often in the center of the tumor. It is wrong for pain that do not heal often. This form of skin cancer is the most deadly, it is possible without scarring often with the appropriate treatment, to remove completely. In many cases, the patch was thickened red, scaly, the sun, squamous cell carcinoma, the exposed skin. Some of these are hard dome, shaped like keratoacanthomas and hard nodules. There is a possibility that bleeding and ulcers may occur.

If SCC is not treated, it can develop into a large mass. Squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer the second most common. It is not as dangerous as melanoma but dangerous. Most melanoma is a brown lesion looking for black. Unfortunately, they are called amelanotic malignant melanoma, pink, melanoma of some, is fleshy and red color. They tend to be more aggressive. Signs of malignant melanoma, including changes in the elevation size of the mole, shapes, and colors. Or adult, Other symptoms, is the appearance of a new mole new pain, itching, bleeding and ulcers in. Mnemonic often used 6 mm D = “diameter” big “ABCDE” (more = asymmetry, B = “border” “coast of Maine sign” (irregular update =), C = “color” is a (Variegated) – size of the eraser), “Evolution” = E is.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor derived from the field of squamous epithelium of mucous membranes or skin and flat. Often, it is also possible that elevated fungating for, to repeat in the ulcer border or irregular. The macroscopic tumors under the microscope, to destroy or sheets basement membrane and tumor cells, so as to form a compact mass that enters the (dermis) binding the underlying tissue. In differentiated carcinoma, tumor cells are atypical / polymorphic, but it is similar to normal keratinocytes (abundant eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm and a central nucleus, polygon, large) spinous layer from. , Immature / basal cells surrounding the mature from the center of the tumor mass: it tends to its position similar to that of normal epidermis. It is possible to convert a form fitting and squamous keratinocytes has a stacked concentric circular known as “epithelial keratin pearls /” or “well” tumor cells. Stroma surrounding is reduced, I will contain the inflammatory infiltrate in (lymphocytes). The poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma cells, keratinization and polymorphism are included more.

Sunscreen is effective, it is advisable to prevent squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. There is little evidence that it is effective in prevention of basal cell carcinoma. Will include other tips to reduce the incidence of skin cancer: wear, protective clothing to avoid sunburning, a hat and goggles, to try to avoid the period of maximum exposure or exposure to the sun. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, we recommend that it is advisable to avoid ultraviolet people between the age of 25 from 9 years old. Through a number of measures, including the following, will be able to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer,: to reduce the increase mid-day sun exposure and indoor tanning, use sunscreen, avoid the use of tobacco. There is insufficient evidence for or to screen for skin cancer. To be effective in prevention has been found that antioxidant supplements and vitamins. Data on the benefits of nutrition measures are temporary.

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Lipomatous tumor is a group of common mesenchymal lesion. Over the years, the main changes in the classification of lipomatous tumors, the addition of new variants of some of the lipoma with a lipoma of the subcutaneous tissue and long-term undifferentiated liposarcoma, and awareness of dedifferentiated liposarcoma is included are. Usually lipomatous tumors represent lipoma, almost half of all benign lesions,. In its typical form, they do not present a problem of diagnosis of the pathologist rarely. However, cartilage lipoma lipoma hibernoma, cell angiolipoma, spindle cell / pleomorphic lipoma (for example (eg, intramuscular lipoma, perineural lipoma) and lipoma that occurred in the deep place, unusual characteristics liposarcoma you can stuff with) including and confuse.

In a recent study, cytogenetic reconfirmed the nature of the individual of many variants of lipoma. Rearrangement of lipoma chromosome 12, discovered that can not be found in spindle cell / pleomorphic lipoma or lipoma of multiple often lonely. Liposarcoma is a soft tissue sarcoma in adults the most common. It does not occur from lipoma or existing, from the subcutaneous tissue rarely, it was not found in children rarely. Features of liposarcoma is lipoblast or fat cells immature. The diagnosis lipoblasts, have roasted and eccentricity indentation, the nuclear chromatin by the presence of fat vacuoles of one or more. These cells, (eg, silicone), so you can be found in the reaction nonlipomatous lesions various, these cells, importantly, may result in appropriate histological background. In order to identify the markings environmental cells and those, such as occurs, do not apply a rigorous criterion can lead to over-diagnosis of liposarcoma. Differentiation-differentiated, mucus, round cell, and pleomorphic: liposarcoma is divided into several subtypes. Liposarcoma, can be two major groups, to be conceptualized as occurring in the differentiation / dedifferentiation liposarcoma and round / mucus cell liposarcoma.

Liposarcoma of mucus / round cell occurs in middle-aged as lesions of the extremities mainly. In some cases with transient characteristics, tumor was mucus (below) for pure pure round cells (high-grade lesions). Operation may relate to the size of the circular area of ​​the cell. Chromosome abnormalities consistent characterize the spectrum of lesions. On the other hand, differentiation / dedifferentiation liposarcoma, appears in late adulthood as retroperitoneal lesions and limbs. They are composed of mature fat intertwined with lipoblasts unusual or atypical cell chromatin. These lesions are frequently repeated, but they do not spread. And retroperitoneal lesions and poor prognosis, their actions will affect the location strongly. Long-term complications of the disease, these lesions, there is a possibility that the phenomenon, which provides them with the possibility of metastasis (dedifferentiation) histological proceeds.

Main disease (for example, retroperitoneal) de-differentiation is dependent on the weather phenomenon that occurs at the site where there is a great potential of clinical resistance. As with differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma occurred at the same age, but is much more common in the retroperitoneum. As a small percentage, most lesions, newly generated in the late complication of well-differentiated liposarcoma as described above. They usually are composed of well-differentiated regions associated with nonlipogenic sarcoma as fibrosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the class. However, the degree of histological features occurring in the region of de-differentiation, a higher diversity than previously evaluated. You may have to co-exist with high sarcoma, or can be of inferior area similar to fibrosarcoma inferior or fibromatosis is regarded as a representation only of dedifferentiation.

Atypical anti-tumor lipomatous / well-differentiated liposarcoma is a low-grade mesenchymal tumor with a high propensity for the possibility of dedifferentiation to higher grades over time and local recurrence. However, the public risk of de-differentiation that is different from the local recurrence, follow-up plan and a single treatment was adopted. Research to evaluate the appropriate treatment and clinical long-term action, to follow up the strategy for these tumors have been made. Diagnosed with atypical tumor lipomatous / well-differentiated liposarcoma retrospectively, we will check the files of 101 patients treated between 2008 to 1990. Because it was included in the study information and 67, follow-up minimum of these patients, and were available for two years at our institution, 47 patients (A group) underwent primary surgery , 20 patients (B group), one local recurrence ≥ it was referred to and after. The median follow-up was (229 months from range 24) 81 months.

Atypical lipomatous / well-differentiated liposarcoma was (patients 5 groups of 47 minutes), 4.2% in local recurrence rate of the primary tumor. Atypical lipomatous / well-differentiated liposarcoma was (B patients and 13 group A in 67 minutes) 52% local re-recurrence rate of tumor recurrence. Recurrence, has developed the only 140 months after treatment and diagnosis. Speed ​​of dedifferentiation of recurrence was (1/25 of patients A and B groups of recurrent tumor) 4%. No patient will not develop metastases. Atypical anti-tumor lipomatous / well-differentiated liposarcoma is associated with an increased incidence of risk under the second side of the de-differentiation of recurrence and local recurrence. Long-term follow-up is recommended for early diagnosis and treatment of local recurrence.

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Osteosarcoma aggressive malignant tumor arising from (KS) Thus transformed primitive cells of mesenchymal origin that represents the osteoid produce and malignant differentiation of osteoblasts. This is the most common form of primary bone histological cancer. The tumor can be localized to the end of a long bone. Most often, I affect the proximal end of the distal end of the femur or humerus, or tibia. The bone sarcoma, 60% of the cases, in about 15% of the femur, tend to affect the area around the knee to 8% jaw 10% and arm. It is a thing (appearance of “burst sun” of X-ray and “fir”, “moth-eaten”) tumor irregular, hard, due to bone fragments of tumor of mineralized bone by broadcasting the right angle in a stable. What is known as the triangle cod fishing boat, this right angle shape. The surrounding tissue has been penetrated. Characteristic of the presence osteosarcoma bone tumor in the (bone formation): microscope. Is a multi-form very (anaplastic) tumor cells, some of which is a huge atypical mitosis multiple. Bone tumor – These cells produce bone description (amorphous, eosinophilic / pink) the irregular beams with or without central calcification (hematoxylinophilic / blue, granular) of. Tumor cells are included in the bone matrix. (Whether similar bone cells, fibroblasts or chondrocytes thereof), it is possible according to the characteristics of the tumor cells, to further classify tumors. May indicate giant bone cell-like multinucleated bone sarcoma.

The appeal may have the potential to worsen many patients would be at night, occurred for some time, the pain of the first. If the tumor is large, that it appears as swelling. There is a fracture in the minor trauma (pathological fracture) bone affected is not as strong as normal bone. You can vary the intensity to be back and forth to be due Bone Cancer Research Trust in (BCRT) pain. Swelling does not appear if you are not, such as the pelvis, such as that, near the surface of the body. The orthopedic surgeon and family doctor, there is little that you refer to (which is a benign bone tumor most) malignant bone tumor. Thus, many patients, muscle problems and first cysts are diagnosed with [citation needed], some, it will be sent straight to physical therapy without X-ray.

Begins with the X-ray normal, continued (CT, PET scan, bone scan, MRI) and a combination of scan, the root of the osteosarcoma diagnosis, ending with surgical biopsy. In many cases, be formed by subperiosteal lesions periosteum is a “triangular cod fishing” when it is increased as a result of the tumor basically characteristics seen in X-rays. Bone biopsy film provocation is a critical the only way for the tumor to determine whether it is malignant or benign. The biopsy of bone sarcoma is suspected, qualified orthopedic specialist please go. “In other cancers perhaps, that if that you save the affected limb from the cutting is difficult to perform this procedure is important inappropriate biopsy done correctly it.”: The state of the American Cancer Society

EN to complete the radical surgical resection block is the treatment of choice for osteosarcoma. You can approximately 90% of patients with operation of limb salvage, but complications – infection in particular, EU external and artificial loose – recurrence of local tumor or that the need for cutting or additional surgery may occur I have a. Use Mifamurtide is has undergone surgery to remove tumors in patients after, in order to be combined with chemotherapy to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, and kill other cancer cells. Patients with osteosarcoma is managed by experienced orthopedic oncologist in the management of sarcoma and medical oncologist best. The current standard of care, is to use the (chemotherapy given before surgery) chemotherapy preoperative surgical resection followed.

To give an estimate of the tumor, the regime of chemotherapy, the percentage of (cell death), can and must be changed after the operation if tumor necrosis is seen in tumors after surgery. Standard treatment, leucovorin rescue, intra-arterial cisplatin, adriamycin, ifosfamide, etoposide (bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin) and mesna and (ablation or in some cases), BCD orthopedic limb salvage surgery if possible and muramyl is a combination of high-dose methotrexate three peptite (MTP). Is a surgical Another technique can be used rotational angioplasty. The Ifosfamide, it can be used as an adjuvant therapy, necrosis is low.

In spite of the success of chemotherapy for osteosarcoma, it has one of the lowest survival rate of childhood cancer. Survival rate reported in ’10 best was 92%, the protocol used is aggressive artery regimen emphasize the treatment on the basis of arteriographic response. 75% from 50% to + 85%, three-year event-free survival rate was in the range of 5-year survival rate in the study of some 60%. To 70 or 65% of patients treated five years ago in general, would be alive today. Survival rate of these is the average value of the total, depending on the necrosis of course very individual. To help the nausea and vomiting, drugs such as Zofran and Kytril are given for hydration fluid. Neulasta and Neupogen help the neutrophil count and white blood cells. Anemia and transfusion Epogenherupu.

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Are applied to the elements of soft tissue that is not currently considered connective tissue, sometimes, soft tissue sarcomas of developing connective tissue, the term, Kaposi’s shape. The workers are exposed to the chloro phenoxy herbicides and wood preservatives, studies have shown that the risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas may be increased. Rare vascular tumor, angiosarcoma of the liver, abnormal percentage of patients are exposed to vinyl chloride to work. As this material, plastic especially certain, I was used to manufacture the PVC.

For the first time in 1900 when the identified potential uses of radiation for the treatment of diseases of the only scientists, and little is known about the exact method of delivery and dose level a little safe. At this time, I used radiation, such as enlargement of the thymus tonsils, and adenoids, in the treatment of non-cancer health problems. The high doses of radiation for soft tissue sarcoma in some patients Thereafter, the researchers found. Because of this risk, the radiation treatment of cancer, the maximum radiation dose is protected as much as possible the healthy tissue surrounding the current is planning to ensure that it is delivered to the diseased tissue. Rare cancer of the cells that the mucous membranes and blood vessels Kaposi’s sarcoma, blood line of the skin caused by human herpes virus 8. KS occurs in (acquired a failure of the immune deficiency syndrome) AIDS patients in general. However, KS is processed in a manner that has a characteristic that is different from the soft tissue sarcoma typical, different.

In a few cases, sarcoma, Li Li to be able to be associated with a rare genetic modification of the p53 gene – very known as syndrome. Genetic disorder of certain other is associated with an increased risk for the development of soft tissue sarcoma. For example, people with (associated with the change alias von Recklinghausen’s disease, the gene NF1) neurofibromatosis type I, an increased risk for the development of soft tissue sarcoma known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath, is. Patients with retinoblastoma, which is inherited, there is a change in gene RB1, a tumor suppressor gene, there is a possibility that as a mature adulthood, developing soft tissue sarcoma them.

At first, the soft tissue sarcoma, it is not typical symptoms occur. Because it is elastic relatively soft tissue, tumor is quite large shift before it is felt them, there is a possibility to either grow the normal tissue, cause any problems. Prominent symptom of the first is usually painless swelling or lump. Tumor grows, as it is pushed close to the nerves and muscles, it can cause other symptoms, such as pain and inflammation, such as this. There is a possibility that menstrual pain, indigestion, abdominal pain or cause mistaken cause constipation frequently in the case of the abdomen.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by (HHV8) human herpesvirus 8, also known as (KSHV) Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. It was described by dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna Hungary St. Moritz Kaposi (KA-pə City), in 1872 originally. More broadly, he came to be known as one of the diseases AIDS undefined 1980. Causative virus of this cancer was discovered in 1994. May be caused by virus infection now KS, but spread lack of awareness of this is there even among people at risk for infection KSHV/HHV-8.

Is a systemic disease that can lead to skin lesions may occur without the involvement of internal or with the (KS) Kaposi’s sarcoma. Four subtypes have been described: KS affecting the middle-aged men of Mediterranean classic system, endemic African KS; KS in immunosuppressed patients, iatrogenic, and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Erythema of the skin lesions purple seen in Kansas bought, there are several forms: macular, patch, ekzofitichen nodules and plaque. Skin lesions, can be spread or localized lonely. Mouth, lymph nodes and KS can include internal organs. Tend to exhibit spots of purple and red in the lower limbs, are relaxed classic KS. The AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and endemic KS in Africa, tend to be more aggressive. KS lesions of AIDS-related proceeds to nodule or plaque that can affect the mouth upper trunk, face and often rapidly. Must if indicated clinically, shooting inside is made, it is made by tissue biopsy, diagnosis is possible.

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From effective management of most parafollicular cells.The of thyroid cancer and aggressive follicular thyroid, thyroid cancer, malignant original is a surgical resection thyroid gland (thyroid) following the removal of TSH suppressive therapy with radioactive iodine is a neoplasm. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used in the case of advanced stages of cancer or distant metastases. In most cases, the first sign of cancer of the thyroid is the thyroid gland in the neck. However, many adults is a small unit in the thyroid, but less than 5%, is detected in the malignant typical of these units. Sometimes, the first sign is a lymph node that is enlarged. Then, that the symptoms are present, the pain, in front of the voice change and neck because of the involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Typically, thyroid cancer is located in the euthyroid patient, but symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, may be associated in well-differentiated tumors or metastatic large-scale . They are particularly important thyroid nodules when are those under the age of 20. Presentation of benign nodules so hateful in this age, the possibility of malignancy is much greater.

Thyroid nodules, can occur after it was discovered during examination for referral to thyroidologist and endocrine. In most cases, the ultrasound is performed to confirm the assessment of the overall status of the gland and the presence of nodes. Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies and thyroid stimulating hormone helps present in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, such as this, to determine whether there is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, which is known to cause goiter benign. The measurement of calcitonin, it is necessary to exclude the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Finally, in order to achieve a definitive diagnosis before determining the treatment, usually, the test aspiration is performed.

Small papillary cancer is a subset of papillary thyroid cancer is defined as equal to 1 CM or smaller. The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in small autopsy series reported by Harach from the highest. It was found to have a small incidental cancer in 1985 that found 36 of dissection was 101 continuous. And Michael Pakdaman. The reported incidence highest retrospective surgical series 49.9% 860 cases. Range of a single observation from radioactive iodine ablation and total thyroidectomy (confirmed by FNAB) and management strategy for incidental papillary micro carcinoma in ultrasonography. And Harach. We propose the use of the term “occult papillary tumor” to avoid giving such as cancer, patients suffering. Etc. was Woolner. and coined the term “occult papillary carcinoma” in 1960 for anyone to describe a 1,5 cm diameter ≤ papillary cancer in any first.

To 1960-1940, external, infancy and low dose of radiation to the head and neck during childhood, are used for the treatment of benign disease of many. This process is illustrated individuals thyroid, and predisposition for cancer. Risk of developing younger patients, the cancer at the time of exposure is high. Another reason may be due to high doses of radiation to the head and neck. The hypothyroidism, patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with irradiation mantlefield, risk of developing cancer of the thyroid gland has a higher potential in, but is higher.

In most cases, the thyroid anatomy of the main door unit has a first step in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Cancer of the thyroid gland (for example, the well-differentiated carcinoma, evidence of lymph node metastases, low MIB-1 without genetic changes, such as major BRAF mutation, such as RET in biological malignancy of thyroid under antiseptic operation p53 mutation etc / PTC rearrangements in patients 45 years of age or older can be implemented in case you do not have an index,). If the diagnosis (for papillary thyroid cancer, for example) differentiated thyroid cancer can not be found or it appears as a strategy that is waiting cautious suspected FNA operation, the cautious overtreatment and cancer guidelines overdiagnosis It is recommended at all Among the old patients.Radioactive iodine 131 is not a thing based on the evidence that is waiting to reduce, for the treatment of thyroid cancer, thyroid or is used in papillary thyroid follicular cancer patients and removal of residual thyroid tissue after surgery. There is no benefit from this treatment patients with Hurthle cell cancer most medullary carcinoma, and undifferentiated. When cancer is inoperable when pain relief bone metastases, or reproduced resection, it is possible to use an external beam radiation. Sunitinib and sorafenib has been approved for the commitment of signs other shows for thyroid cancer, and is used in some patients that do not qualify for clinical trials. Phase II clinical trial, I began XL184 Phase III and a large number of agents.

Prognosis of cancer of the thyroid is related to stage at diagnosis and type of cancer. In the case of the most common form of thyroid cancer, papillary, overall prognosis is excellent. In fact, large probably increased incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in recent years, associated with early diagnosis. One, you can see the trend of early diagnosis in two ways. At first, small many of these cancers are not likely to develop into invasive cancer. To improve the long-term outcome of the patient, the early diagnosis of these cancers, the second point is that it simultaneously removed without potential is spread them across the thyroid. This trend is about whether it is not necessary or beneficial towards the early diagnosis, there is no consensus at this time.

Argument for early diagnosis and treatment is based on the idea that small thyroid not growth or metastasis (papilla mainly) very. This view, (even if nothing is done for cancer, not that you have the patient’s symptoms, the illness and death, that is,) the majority of thyroid cancer is overdiagnosis holds. By mixing the cases clinically significant cancer harmless obviously include the case of over-diagnosis of these distorted statistics. Indicates that you have a thyroid cancer technical does not cause any harm more than one third of the elderly, thyroid is very common in autopsy studies of people who die of other causes. It can detect a node that may cancer simply by contributing to the level of overdiagnosis, feeling, the head is easy. However, very few of these people who became free from symptoms thyroid cancer by mistake, that you have treatment and any symptoms in these patients to help them, the possibility of only harm you do not do it It is not.